数字贸易规则与研发要素跨境流动

Digital Trade Rules and Cross-Border Flow of R&D Factors

研发要素流动对创新型国家建设至关重要。数字已成为研发要素流动的重要载体,数字贸易规则的达成可以有效降低研发要素跨境流动壁垒。本文运用世界投入产出表数据,分析了数字贸易规则对研发要素跨境流动的影响。结果表明:数字贸易规则会促进研发要素跨境流动,主要通过削减跨境数据流动成本、增强空间知识溢出的交叉网络外部性以及降低商业心理防备三条路径实现。相较于网络中介责任豁免、技术非强制本地化、源代码保护、电子传输免关税而言,数据存储非强制本地化、跨境数据自由流动以及数字产品非歧视性待遇这三项规则对研发要素跨境流动具有更强的促进作用。该结论对于当前中国申请加入《数字经济伙伴关系协定》具有重要的启示意义。从研发网络角度看,数字贸易规则对研发网络中心度产生正面影响,对入度中心度的影响要大于出度中心度。当前要积极推动高标准数字贸易规则的达成,在保障经济安全的前提下促进研发要素跨境自由流动,向全球研发中心国家攀升。

The flow of R&D factors is crucial to the construction of innovation-oriented country. Digit has become an important carrier of R&D factor flow,and the conclusion of digital trade rules can effectively reduce the barriers to crossborder flow of R&D factors. This paper analyzes the impact of digital trade rules on cross-border flows of R&D factors using World Input-Output Tables. The results show that:Firstly,digital trade rules promote cross-border flows of R&D factors mainly by cutting the cost of cross-border data flows,enhancing cross-network externalities of spatial knowledge spillovers,and reducing business psychological defenses. Secondly,compared with“Exemptions on Liability for Internet Services Providers”,“Unforced Technology Transfer”,“Source Code Protection” and“Free Customs Duties on Electronic Transmissions”,the three rules of“Unforced Localization of Data Storage”,“Free Flow of Cross-Border Data”and“NonDiscriminatory Treatment of Digital Products”have stronger promoting effects on cross-border flow of R&D factors. This finding has important implications for China’s current application to join the DEPA. Thirdly,from the perspective of R&D networks,digital trade rules have a positive impact on the centrality of R&D networks,and the impact on the inflow is greater than the outflow. At present,it is necessary to actively reach high-standard digital trade rules to promote the free flow of R&D factors across borders and climb up to the global R&D networks’ center countries.