马立克病病毒分子生物学检测技术研究进展

Latest progress on molecular biological techniques for detection of Marek's disease virus

马立克病(MD)是由马立克病病毒(MDV)早期感染雏鸡引起的一种重要的家禽免疫抑制病与肿瘤病。MDV以水平传播为主,具有高度接触性和传染性、高致病率以及高致死率等特征,给全球养禽业造成巨大经济损失。该病主要依赖MD疫苗免疫预防,近50年来在MD疫苗广泛使用和持续免疫压力下,MDV毒力不断增强,部分毒株已突破现有商品疫苗的免疫保护。尽早对MD疑似病例进行快速准确的鉴别诊断,可为生产企业和养殖户及时采取措施、减少和挽回部分经济损失提供重要依据。经典的诊断方法已难以满足当下对MD病例快速诊断的需要。本文重点对近十年中新建立的分子生物学技术,如聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)、环介导等温扩增(LAMP)、重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)、多重PCR及液相芯片等在MDV检测和MD诊断中的研究及应用进行了综述,以期为今后研究建立用于MD流行病学调查、临床病例早期诊断和流行毒株分型鉴定的鉴别诊断技术提供参考。

Marek's disease(MD)is an important avian immunosuppressive and neoplastic disease caused by early infection of the Marek's disease virus(MDV).MD is highly contagious and infectious with high incidence and mortality rates,leading to huge economic losses to the world poultry industry.The solution mainly depends on virus vaccine immunization for the effective prevention and control of the disease.However,in the past 50 years,the widespread and continuous use of MD vaccines has caused persistent increase in the virulence of MDV.Some MDV strains have broken through the immune protection of the existing commercial MD vaccines.The accurate differential diagnosis of suspected clinical MD cases performed as early as possible can provide an important reference for the farmers to take timely preventive and control measures to stop and recover from economic losses.The classical diagnosis methods can no longer meet the current needs for rapid di⁃agnosis of MD cases.Herein,we have focused on the latest developed molecular biological techniques in the past 10 years,such as polymer⁃ase chain reaction(PCR),real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR),loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP),recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA),multiplex PCR and liquid chips.The progresses in research on and application of these methods in MD de⁃tection and diagnosis,together with their advantages and disadvantages,have been comprehensively reviewed in order to provide valuable ref⁃erences for future development of easy,fast,and accurate methods for epidemiological investigation of MD,clinical case diagnosis,and iso⁃lation and characterization of MDV strains.