20世纪墨西哥民族国家的一体化建设

The Integration Construction of Mexico’s Nation-State in the 20th Century

19世纪初墨西哥实现国家独立后,开始探索民族国家建设的道路。在对白人至上的进化论的批判中,墨西哥社会出现了对本土国民性的思考。20世纪初墨西哥大革命后,一种主张融合的民族主义思想得到了确立。革命制度党政府将民族融合的主张贯彻至民族国家的一体化建设中,一方面,肯定了本土的印第安人及其文化在墨西哥民族国家建构中的基础性作用,将墨西哥民族国家之根溯源到印第安人及其文化;另一方面,通过统一教育的推广,以及以土地为核心的国家社团主义制度实现对印第安人的整合与控制,将印第安人整合进民族国家建设的过程,以此完成民族国家的一体化建设。革命制度党政府所推动的民族国家的一体化建设,虽然存在将土著人边缘化、同化的倾向,以及对土著人权益与政治参与度的重视不够等问题,但其彻底改变了殖民时代以来印第安人不被认可的状态,在相当程度上解决了殖民时代以来困扰墨西哥社会发展的土著人问题,有助于较长时间内保持国家的安定。

Mexico began to explore the path of nation-state building after achieving national independence in the early 19th century.The criticism of the evolution theory dominated by white supremacy in Mexican society contributed to reflections on the nationality of Mexico,and then in the early 20th century the nationalism thought of integration was established after the Mexican Revolution.In order to promote the national integration policy,the Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI)government on one hand affirmed the fundamental roots of native Indians and their culture in Mexican nation-state building;on the other hand,the integration and control of the Indians were achieved through education and the national corporatism system formulated around land.Although this integration policy intensified the tendency of marginalization and assimilation of indigenous people,and belittled their rights and political participation,it completely changed their unrecognized status since the colonial era,weakened the contradiction between social development and indigenous people in Mexico,and thus contributed to the country’s longterm stability.