强筋和中筋小麦氮肥适宜基追比例研究

Optimum basal and topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer for strong and medium gluten wheat cultivars

【目的】研究不同氮肥基追比例对小麦籽粒蛋白组分、氮素利用效率和产量的影响,为黑龙港流域小麦高效施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】以济麦22和藁优2018为供试品种进行了2年小麦田间试验。以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,在等氮肥用量条件下设氮肥基追比3∶7(N_(3:7))、4∶6(N_(4:6))、5∶5(N_(5:5))和6∶4(N_(6:4))4个处理,氮肥追施在拔节期随灌溉一起进行。分析小麦生长关键时期的植株干物质和氮素积累量、籽粒总蛋白质含量及蛋白组分含量、氮肥效率和籽粒产量。【结果】随氮肥基追比例的提升,两小麦品种的植株干物质和氮素积累量均呈先增后减的趋势。随生育期的推进,两小麦品种的植株干物质积累速率呈先升后降的趋势,而氮素积累速率呈“升―降―升”的趋势。拔节至挑旗期是小麦干物质和氮素积累的主要阶段,至成熟期藁优2018和济麦22分别以N4:6和N5:5处理的干物质和氮素积累量最高。N4:6处理的藁优2018具有最高的籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白含量,籽粒总蛋白质含量较其他处理显著增加3.66%~10.76%,籽粒产量是其他处理的1.07~1.13倍,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥回收率和氮肥农学效率均显著提升。N_(5:5)处理的济麦22籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白质含量分别较其他处理高2.55%~4.78%、4.11%~16.92%、3.42%~10.39%、1.35%~10.32%和2.95%~10.06%,籽粒产量是其他氮肥处理的1.03~1.08倍,氮肥回收率显著增加。在挑旗—成熟期,藁优2018的氮素积累速率与济麦22相比较高,籽粒蛋白组分含量较济麦22高出1.17%~5.72%;而济麦22各氮肥处理的籽粒产量比藁优2018增加5.4%~15.21%。【结论】满足小麦氮素积累特性的氮肥基追比有利于小麦的高产优质。中筋小麦(济麦22)品种在挑旗至成熟期氮素积累速率变小,氮肥基追比为5∶5较为适宜,而强筋小麦(藁优2018)品种氮素积累速率大,氮肥基追比提高到4∶6,可以促进小麦高产和增加蛋白含量。

【Objectives】Studies on grain protein content,nitrogen(N)use efficiency,and wheat yield under different basal and topdressing ratios of N fertilizer have laid the theoretical basis for improved N-use by wheat in the Heilonggang basin,Hebei Province.【Methods】Two-year field experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars(Jimai 22 and Gaoyou 2018).No nitrogen fertilizer(N0)was designated as the control.Under the same rate of N application,four N treatments with a basal topdressing ratio of 3∶7(N3:7),4∶6(N4:6),5∶5(N5:5)and 6∶4(N6:4)were set.Nitrogen topdressing was carried out with irrigation at the jointing stage.We analyzed the dry matter and N accumulation during the wheat main growing period,grain total protein content and various protein components,nitrogen efficiency and grain yield in the two wheat cultivars.【Results】Dry matter and N accumulated quantities in the two wheat cultivars increased at first and then decreased with increasing N basal topdressing ratio.As the growth period advanced,plant dry matter accumulation rate in the two wheat cultivars increased and then decreased.Similarly,the N accumulation rate showed an increase-decrease-increase trend.The stage from jointing to flagging was the main period for wheat dry matter and N accumulation.At maturity,the dry matter and N accumulation were higher in N4:6 and N5:5 than in other treatments in Gaoyou 2018 and Jimai 22.N4:6 in Gaoyou 2018 had higher grain albumin,globulin and glutenin contents than other treatments,increasing total grain protein by 3.66%-10.76%and grain yield was 1.07-1.13 times of other treatments.Further,it increased the N partial productivity,N recovery rate,and agronomic efficiency.N_(5:5) in Jimai 22 increased albumin by 2.55%-4.78%,globulin by 4.11%-16.92%,gliadin by 3.42%-10.39%,glutenin by 1.35%-10.32%,and total protein content by 2.95%-10.06%.The grain yield was 1.03-1.08 times of other N treatments,significantly increasing the N recovery rate.The N accumulation rate from flagging to maturation stage in Gaoyou 2018 was relatively higher than Jimai 22;grain protein components of Gaoyou 2018 were 1.17%-5.72%higher than Jimai 22.In contrast,the grain yield in Jimai 22 was 5.4%-15.21%higher than in Gaoyou 2018.【Conclusions】The basal to dressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer that meets the N accumulation characteristics of wheat is conducive to high wheat yield and quality.The N accumulation rate of medium gluten wheat cultivar decreased from flagging to maturation stage,and the basal topdressing ratio of N fertilizer was 5∶5.In contrast,the N accumulation rate of strong gluten wheat cultivar was high from flagging to maturation stage.The basal topdressing ratio of N fertilizer is increased to 4∶6,which potentially enhances high yield and grain protein content in wheat.