小胶质细胞对视网膜及神经系统疾病的监控作用

Monitoring function of microglia in retina and nerve system diseases

小胶质细胞是定位在神经系统中的巨噬细胞,与肝脏中的库普弗细胞、肺脏中的尘细胞一样。细胞功能由自身性质(结构决定功能)和所处位置决定。因为视网膜是神经系统的一部分,所以眼睛是大脑的延伸。中枢神经系统包括大脑、脊髓和视网膜,他们作为机体非常重要的司令部,其周围小胶质细胞的功能在普通巨噬细胞的基础上,有诸多特性。小胶质细胞是神经系统的"哨兵",发挥免疫监视、免疫防御、神经毒性、促进神经突触形成,以及突触修剪等功能。小胶质细胞因其作为中枢神经系统中最有代表性的免疫细胞而成为神经系统疾病发病机制的研究热点,其神经保护与神经毒性的双重作用是由于应对不同病变所合成和分泌的物质不同。目前,关于小胶质细胞与神经系统疾病的研究,尤其是视网膜中的小胶质细胞研究越来越受到重视。本综述对小胶质细胞在视网膜疾病和涉及眼部的神经系统疾病的研究进展及待解决问题进行梳理,希望对深入研究小胶质细胞的功能提供帮助。

Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system(CNS),like Kupffer cells in the liver and dust cells in the lung.Cell function is decided by cell properties(like structure determining function)and location.As retina is a part of nervous system,the eyes are an extension of brain.CNS consists of brain,spinal cord and retina.CNS plays a vital role in the body,thus the surrounding microglia based on the ordinary macrophages have many features.Microglia are the sentry of CNS,exerting immune surveillance,immune defense,neuron toxicity,promoting synapse formation and synaptic pruning.Being the most representative immune cells in CNS,microglia become the research focus of nervous system disease pathogenesis.The dual role of microglia in neuron protection and nerve toxicity is due to the different materials synthesized and secreted in response to a series of pathological changes.At present,the study of microglia in nervous system diseases especially retina disease has attracted more and more attention.In this review,the research progress and problems to be solved of microglia in retina disease and nervous system disease involving the retina were described,hoping to provide help in further research on microglia.