笔谈:考古遗址公园模式下的大遗址保护管理与活化利用

Discussion:Protection, Management and Sustainable Utilization of Large-scale Sites under the Mode of National Archaeological Site Park

大遗址保护是从“十一五”以来我国文化遗产保护工作的重点。大遗址的发现、遗产价值内涵和构成、遗产保存状况等,都依赖于考古工作的揭示和认知;另一方面,大遗址保护工作的实践又推动了考古工作的理念和实践发生变化。当前我国大遗址保护面临的主要问题体现在:各级政府没有真正依法将大遗址保护纳入当地经济社会发展规划;大遗址保护和土地资源配置存在很大的矛盾;保护管理体制不顺;保护涉及的各行业部门之间协调性差;以及大遗址保护缺乏国家专项政策的支持,等等。在大遗址保护利用从文物领域的行业性工作走向全民共享的过程中,如何既坚守“专业性”,又延展“公共性”,不仅是推动其可持续发展的核心问题,也是进一步激发和延续生命力的重要方面。大遗址保护利用涉及到的“决策权”与“参与权”之争,主要出现在“中央政府—地方政府”“专家学者—行政官员”“决策群体—社会公众”等几个不同层面,其各自不同的诉求对大遗址保护利用会产生不同的影响。做好大遗址保护利用工作,应明确大遗址保护利用涉及的人口、土地、拆迁、环境、产业结构调整等相关政策;拓宽大遗址保护利用资金渠道;完善提升国家考古遗址公园平台。国家考古遗址公园具有国家性和公共性、整体性和废墟性、未知性和学术性等基本特征,国家所有、国家管理和全民共享应作为国家考古遗址公园的基本属性。当前考古遗址公园的种种问题反映了其运营管理仍然有待理论的指导,尚待构建起符合考古遗址公园自身特性及需求的理论方法体系。

Since the 11 th Five-Year Plan was released, the conservation of large-scale sites has been the focus of cultural heritage conservation in China. The discovery, formation and characteristics, value connotation and composition, and conservation status of large-scale sites in China is dependent on archaeological work;and the conservation of large-scale sites advances archaeological ideas and practice. The conservation of large-scale sites in China encounters the following problems:(1) not included in local economic and social development plans as stipulated by law;(2) contradiction with the allocation of land resources;(3) improper management system;(4) poor coordination among related industrial sectors;(4) no special policy support. As the conservation and utilization of large-scale sites concern not just cultural heritage but also public appeal, keeping professional work-style and attending to public interests are the keys to achieving sustainable development and stimulating and maintaining vitality. The dispute between “decision-making power” and “participation power” involved in the conservation and utilization of large-scale sites is manifested in the relations of “central government – local government, expert and scholar – administrative official, decision-makers – the public.” In the conservation and utilization of large-scale sites, various groups come to the fore because they show different demands for public interest in the shared space of the site, while their negotiation, cooperation, opposition and confrontation may have different impacts on the site. To conserve and utilize large-scale sites, we should clarify the policies related to population, land, demolition and relocation, environment, and industrial restructuration, enlarge the financing channels, and improve the National Archaeological Site Park platform. National Archaeological Site Park is a national platform that presents ruined parks for both public appreciation and academic research. Therefore, to facilitate the development of National Archaeological Site Park, we should select representative sites that record the history of the national development, the history of national unification, and the history of the cultural diversity of all ethnic groups in the country, and then offer mechanism, policy, and finance supports. For large-scale sites without obvious strength in resource location but with validated significance to Chinese civilization, there should not be a blind faith in the balance of return on investment;instead, we can evaluate the operational effectiveness by judging whether they provide better cultural services for the people. The existing problems show that theoretical guidance is a must for the operation and management of archaeological parks, and a theoretical and methodological system in accordance with the characteristics of these parks is yet to be established. As the concept of national cultural parks takes root, it is all the more important to identify the essential characteristics of archaeological parks, advance the research on the construction and operation of archaeological parks, strengthen the theory construction of archaeological parks, make archaeological parks more identifiable, and build a theory system and a discourse system compatible with archaeological park development. All these can contribute to the healthy and sustainable development of archaeological parks in China.