美国设计和领导联合国教科文组织何以失败

Why Did the United States Fail to Design and Lead UNESCO Successfully?

具有全球影响力的大国常常是国际组织的发起者和设计者。其为国际组织设定的组织方案是否具有制度上的科学性和政治上的可行性,关系到国际组织的后续演进和多边合作的成功与否。与联合国教科文组织及其前身的互动,是美国设计和领导国际组织的一个失败案例。美国为了利用教科文组织服务于其冷战初期的意识形态斗争这一短期利益,在教科文组织的宗旨目标、组织架构、行动规则等多项制度设计上违背了国际组织的运行规律,使该组织在数十年的运作中偏离早期成员国的预设目标,也背离了美国自身对这一组织作用的设计和谋划。国际组织的设计者需要综合辨别美国设计和领导教科文组织的失败,深刻理解国际组织的本质和原理,准确把握各成员在特定多边合作领域中的共识基础,并将自身的角色和战略诉求与各成员的合作共识相整合进而融入国际组织的组织方案之中。

Major powers are often the initiators and designers of international organizations.Whether the organizational schemes set for international organizations are scientific and politically feasible is relevant to the performance of the organizations and the prospect of multilateral cooperation.The United States’interaction with UNESCO is a failed case of its design and leadership of international organizations.Using UNESCO to serve the Cold War,the United States violated the operating law of international organizations in terms of designing the UNESCO’s objectives,organizational structure,and rules of action,which led the organization to deviate from the original intentions of its founding members and the expectation of the United States itself.Designers of international organizations should draw lessons from the failure of the United States in designing and leading UNESCO,grasp the nature and principles of international organizations,identify the basic consensus of members in a specific cooperation field,recognize their own roles and strategic aspirations and combine them with the consensus of all,and then integrate into the organizational scheme of the organization.