大型商业综合体火灾烟气及疏散模拟

Simulation on fire smoke and evacuation of large commercial complex

为探究大型商业综合体商铺发生火灾时烟气蔓延情况及人员疏散所需的安全时间,运用火灾动力学模拟软件Pyrosim和人员疏散模拟软件Pathfinder建立模型。火灾烟气模拟共设置首层服装商铺和4层电影院2个火灾场景,分析排烟系统有效、无效2种工况下大型商业综合体能见度、温度和CO浓度随时间的变化情况。结果表明:对比同一场所不同工况的火灾,机械排烟能有效控制着火房间内的能见度、温度和CO浓度;对比同一工况不同场所的火灾,电影院的危险性大于服装商铺;若首层和4层发生火灾,人员分别需要893 s和881 s完成全员疏散;由于大型商业综合体广阔的中庭设计,烟气溢出着火房间后迅速扩散,仅着火房间内人员可用疏散时间均小于人员必需疏散时间,人员处于危险状态;若将人员必需疏散时间中的报警及响应时间缩短29.7 s,所有工况下的人员都能完成疏散。研究成果可为大型商业综合体的火灾危险管控提供理论依据。

The fire dynamics software, Pyrosim, and evacuation simulation software, Pathfinder, were used respectively to explore the situation of smoke spread and the required safety egress time in a large commercial complex.A clothing store with a first floor and a cinema with four floors were selected as the scenes of fire and smoke simulation.The change of the visibility and CO concentration with time in a success or failure of the mechanical smoke exhaust system was investigated in a large commercial complex.This results revealed that the success of the system can effectively increase the visibility and decrease CO concentration.Furthermore, cinema exhibited a higher risk than clothing in the success of the system.In case of fire on the first floor and the fourth floor, 893 s and 881 s are required to accomplish the evacuation.Due to the design of central courtyard in a large commercial complex, the smoke can rapidly spread after it came out from a burned room, which increased the risk of personal injury.And when the alarm and response time in the required evacuation time is shortened by 29.7 s, evacuation can be completed under all working conditions.This study can provide a guidance for management and control of fire risk for a large commercial complex.