环境污染强制责任保险中保险利益之解析

Analysis of Insurable Interest in Environmental Pollution Compulsory Liability Insurance

环境污染强制责任保险的保险利益存在主体结构失衡、时空建构失衡、内容体系失衡等三个方面的困境。基于环境污染侵权行为的特征和强制保险对第三人利益倾斜性保护的特殊性,环境污染强制责任保险的保险利益不仅应当归属于被保险人,在特定情形下第三人也可以基于保险利益向保险人行使直接请求权。与环境治理“预防为主”的理念相呼应,在环境污染强制责任保险中被保险人从订立合同时起到保险事故发生都应当具有保险利益。在承保范围上,《民法典》中规定的生态环境损害赔偿责任和惩罚性赔偿责任都具有可保性。但由于相应的侵权责任构成要件上的差异,生态环境损害赔偿责任与一般的环境污染赔偿责任在承保时宜作区分。

The insurable interests of environmental pollution compulsory liability insurance have three difficulties:the imbalance of subject structure,the imbalance of time and space construction and the imbalance of content system.Based on the characteristics of environmental pollution tort and the particularity of the preferential protection of compulsory insurance for the interests of the third party,the insurable interests of environmental pollution compulsory liability insurance should not only belong to the insured,but also exercise the direct claim right to the insurer based on the insurable interests under specific circumstances.Echoing the concept of“prevention first”in environmental governance,the insured in environmental pollution compulsory liability insurance should have insurable interests from the time of signing the contract to the occurrence of the insured accident.In terms of insurance coverage,the ecological environment damage compensation liability and punitive compensation liability stipulated in the civil code are insurable.However,due to the differences in the constituent elements of the corresponding tort liability,the ecological environment damage liability and the general environmental pollution liability should be distinguished when underwriting.