天麻滇黄精和玛咖3种云南药材及种植土壤重金属安全评价

Safety Assessment of Heavy Metals in Gastrodia elata, Polygonatum kingianum, Lepidium meyenii and Planting Soil in Yunnan Province

目的:评估天麻、滇黄精、玛咖3种中药材及其种植土壤重金属安全性,保障用药安全。方法:以云南省32个天麻种植地、15个滇黄精种植地和18个玛咖种植地共计184份药材和土壤为材料,测定其铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和砷(As)含量,采用单因子及内梅罗综合指数评价法、潜在生态风险评估法对其种植土壤重金属污染指数进行计算与安全评价,并对重金属超标药材进行健康风险评估。结果:天麻、玛咖种植土壤样本的潜在环境风险指数(RI)均处于轻微和中等水平,而滇黄精种植土壤样本的RI均处于轻微水平。云南省天麻、滇黄精种植土壤存在轻微Cd污染,玛咖种植土壤存在中度Cd污染。这3种药材种植地均不存在Cu、Pb、As污染。天麻仅Cd质量分数超标(0.05~0.37 mg·kg),超标率为3.1%;滇黄精无重金属超标;玛咖存在Cd质量分数超标的情况(0.03~0.65 mg·kg),超标率高达19.1%,但其单个重金属危害指数(HI)和综合危害指数(THQ)均小于1。结论:云南省天麻和滇黄精种植土壤存在轻度和中度的重金属污染风险;玛咖种植土壤存在中度和重度的重金属污染风险,选择其种植地时要特别注意Cd污染风险。按照《中华人民共和国药典》 2020年版要求使用3种药材不存在重金属健康风险。

Objective: To evaluate the safety of heavy metals in Gastrodia elata Bl., Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl., Lepidium meyenii Walp., and the habitat soil and ensure the safety of related Chinese medicinal materials. Methods:A total of 184 plant samples and soil samples from 32 G. elata planting areas, 15 P. kingianum planting areas, and 18 L.meyenii planting areas in Yunnan Province were collected and the content of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As was measured. Based on single factor pollution index method, Nemerow index, and potential ecological risk index(RI), the heavy metal pollution index in the planting soil was calculated. The health risk of medicinal materials contaminated with heavy metals higher than the upper limit was evaluated. Results: The potential environmental RIs of soil samples for the growth of G. elata or L.meyenii were at low and medium levels, while the RI of soil samples for the growth of P. kingianum was at the low level.Mild Cd pollution was detected in the soil for the cultivation of G. elata and P. kingianum, and moderate Cd pollution in the soil for the growth of L. meyenii. No Cu, Pb, or As pollution occurred to the planting sites of these three species. The mass faction of Cd(0.05-0.37 mg·kg) in G. elata was 3.1% higher than the upper limit. No heavy metal in P. kingianum exceeded the upper limit. The mass faction of Cd in L. meyenii(0.03-0.65 mg·kg) was 19.1% higher than the limit, but both the single heavy metal hazard index(HI) and target hazard quotient(THQ) were less than 1.Conclusion: Mild and moderate heavy metal pollution was detected in the soil for the cultivation of G. elata and P. kingianum in Yunnan Province,and moderate and severe heavy metal pollution in the habitat soil of L. meyenii. The risk of Cd pollution should be emphasized in the selection of planting areas for the medicinal species. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020), the heavy metals in medicinal materials obtained from the three species have no health risk.