水土流失观测设施问题与对策--以河北崇陵流域为例

Issues of soil erosion observation facilities and corresponding countermeasures:Taking Chongling catchment area in Hebei as an example

水土流失监测是国家水土保持规划和部署的基础。目前我国已建立起较为完善的水土流失监测网络。针对我国水土流失监测中遇到的普适性问题,以河北崇陵观测站为代表,提出相应对策。1)径流小区:径流泥沙自动观测仪量程有限制,建议布设水沙观测复合设备;自动设备精密度高,受野外环境影响大,建议安装报警装置,人工及时处理设备故障;自动设备专业性强,后期自主维护难,探索设备模块化组装,便于后期自主维护;自动设备数据量大,整编数据任务重,管理部门可统一要求,规范厂家数据库,减小数据整理量。2)小流域:控制站观测设施单一、量程范围窄,建议结合实际,布设复合堰;观测设施依据标准不统一、建设不规范,管理部门可统一设计标准、建设规范;控制站水沙自动观测协同难,建议多点观测,增设多探头自动监测设备。

[Background]Soil and water loss monitoring is the basis of national soil and water conservation planning and deployment.At present,a relatively perfect soil and water loss monitoring network has been established in China,and automatic monitoring facilities and equipment have been widely used in the country.Compared with manual monitoring,automatic monitoring is more objective,continuous and universal,but there are also mechanical,dependence and other shortcomings.Therefore,in order to promote the efficient development of soil and water conservation monitoring work in China,it is very necessary to sort out and summarize the existing issues of soil and water conservation monitoring work at grass-roots level and sum up experience.[Methods]In view of common issues in soil erosion monitoring in China and based on the observation experience of Chongling Observation Station in Hebei province for many years,authors listed the problems of equipment,labor and data from the two observation facilities system of runoff plot and small watershed,and proposed solutions or optimization schemes for the problems.[Results]1)Runoff plot:The range of runoff and sediment automatic observation instrument is limited,and it is recommended to set up water and sediment observation compound equipment.The precision of automatic equipment is high,which is greatly affected by the field environment,thus it is recommended to install alarm device to handle equipment failure manually in time.Automatic equipment is professional and difficult to maintain independently in the later stage,modular assembly of equipment should be explored to facilitate self-maintenance.The amount of data from automatic equipment is huge,and the task of reorganizing data is heavy,thus the management department can unify the requirements,standardize the database of manufacturers,which may reduce the amount of data sorting.2)Small watershed:The observation facility of the control station is single and the range of measurement is narrow,it is suggested to lay compound weir according to the actual situation and condition.The standards for observation facilities are not defined well and the construction is not standardized,thus the administrative departments may normalize them.It is difficult to coordinate the automatic observation of water and sediment in control stations,so multi-point observation and multi-probe automatic monitoring equipment are suggested.[Conculsions]The targeted solutions about the facilities,equipment,personnel,system operation management,data processing and so on are put forward by sorting out and summarizing the problems.It can effectively solve the issues of the operation,management and operation of the facilities and equipment in the current observation of soil and water conservation,so that the monitoring work will be more rigorous,more scientific and more practical.And all of this will provide a strong guarantee for the national soil erosion prevention and control and soil conservation planning.