马克思“物质变换”理论的生态伦理意蕴

Connotations of Ecological Ethics in Marx’s Material Transformation Theory

自然是独立于人之外的客观存在,人类通过实践活动将“自在自然”打上了人类意志与目的的烙印。人化的自然被赋予了社会意义与价值,成为人类劳动的对象,自然向人同化,自然具有了人的目的性,人类社会的伦理因素逐渐向自然渗透,从而成为马克思物质变换理论的生态伦理逻辑起点。马克思的物质变换理论蕴含着丰富的生态伦理价值,从劳动是生态伦理的中介出发,论证了物质变换本身的道德价值,它强调的是人与自然间进行合理的物质交换,并不是基于人类本身的物质利益,而是内在于人存在的目的,是基于人类对生态自由的崇高追求。人与自然之间合理的物质变换是人的本质力量的复归,它在人性深处构建起人与自然相统一的评价准则,这一准则规定着人类实践的方向。无视人类理应承担的生态道德义务,在资本化的自然观的指导下进行不合理的物质生产劳动,必然导致生态危机的发生。因此,阐明马克思物质变换理论的生态伦理意蕴,探寻其对于正确处理人与自然关系所带来的启示,可以为推进我国的生态文明建设提供理论参考与生态伦理依据。

Nature is an objective existence independent of human beings. Through practical activities, human beings have stamped“natural nature”with human will and purpose. As the object of human labor, humanized nature is endowed with social meanings, value and purposes of human beings. The ethical factors of human society gradually get into the research field of nature, forming the basis for the ecological ethics of material transformation. Marx’s material transformation theory has rich connotations of ecological ethics. Starting from labor as the medium of ecological ethics, it demonstrates the moral value of material transformation. It emphasizes that the rational exchange of materials between human and nature, inherent in the purpose of human existence, is not out of human’s material interests, but based on human’s noble pursuit of ecological freedom. The reasonable material transformation between human and nature is the return of man ’s essential power under an evaluation criterion structured deep in humanity which is based on the unity of human and nature and guides human’s activities. Ignoring the ecological and moral obligations that human beings should undertake and carrying out unreasonable material production under the guidance of the capitalized view of nature will inevitably lead to ecological crises. Therefore, clarifying connotations of ecological ethics in Marx’s material transformation theory and exploring its enlightenment for correctly handling the human-nature relationship can provide theoretical references and eco-ethical basis for further promoting the ecological civilization development in China.