城市综合公园老年人使用偏好与多重健康效益——基于GPS、体力活动、情绪与血压数据

Seniors’ Use Preference and Multiple Health Benefits of Comprehensive Urban Park Based on Data on GPS, Physical Activity, Mood and Blood Pressure

城市公园可带来多重健康效益,在定量层面测量城市公园给老年使用者带来的身心健康益处,可为健康公园与老年友好公园的规划设计及建设提供依据。文章利用便携式GPS设备与活动强度监测仪每隔10 s收集老年使用者在上海黄兴公园与杨浦公园中的空间位置信息与活动强度,利用血压仪与情绪量表测量286位老年人使用公园前后的血压与情绪变化,定量分析老年人偏好的公园空间类型及老年人获得的身心健康益处。结果表明:上海黄兴公园和杨浦公园中的硬质场地为停留热点区域,临水广场、休息亭、主园路、林下小广场、雪松林下步道、健身跑道是热点活动场所;访问公园后,老年人的负向情绪均有所减少,正向情绪均有所增加;在公园中游玩有助于降低老年人的血压,对于患有高血压病的老年人,降压效果更明显;参与调研的老年人在公园中平均停留的时间为57 min,且62.43%的时间都在进行中等强度体力活动。基于研究结果,在未来城市公园规划设计中,应从“审美”到“健康促进”转变既有设计范式;从不同年龄群体使用行为规律科学布局公园空间结构,如设置环状路网等;布置大水面与林下空间等亲自然空间,使公园发挥更大的健康效益。

Urban park can bring multiple health benefits, and the quantitative exploration of the health benefits that urban parks could bring to seniors would provide a basis for the planning, design and construction of health parks and seniors-friendly parks. In Huangxing Park and Yangpu Park in Shanghai, this study uses a portable GPS device and an activity intensity monitor to collect information on the spatial location and activity intensity of 286 seniors at 10-second intervals, and also uses a blood pressure monitor and a mood scale to measure the changes in their blood pressure and mood before and after park visit, in order to quantitatively analyze the types of park spaces that the seniors prefer and the physical and psychological health benefits they may receive. The results reveal that the hard landscapes are where the seniors like to stay, together with waterfront plazas, resting pavilions, principal garden paths, understorey squares, cedar forest trails and fitness tracks;after visiting the parks, the seniors have less negative emotions and more positive emotions, and the seniors’ recreation activities in the parks can help lower their blood pressure, which is particularly obvious for those with hypertensive disorders. On average, the seniors in the study spend 57 min in the parks and 62.43% of that time is spent for moderate physical activity. Based on these results, the future urban park planning and design should shift the design paradigm from “aesthetic appreciation” to “health promotion”, emphasize the science-based park space layout in line with use activities of different age groups(e.g., planning ring-shaped pathway), and delineate the pro-nature spaces such as large water body and understorey spaces, so as to make urban parks give play to more health benefits.