从传奇《雷峰塔》谈中国悲剧的特色

On the Characteristics of Chinese Tragedy from the Opera of Leifeng Pagoda

在20世纪关于“悲剧”的探讨中,大多学者认为中国无悲剧。但中国悲剧的存在乃是不证自明的事实,中国戏曲应有自己评判悲剧的标准。清代方成培《雷峰塔》传奇是一部有代表性的中国悲剧。就情节发展来说,作品写了普通人由顺境转入逆境的过程;就曲词表现来说,言情的曲子体现了悲剧的情感;就剧作效果来说,白娘子所面临的困境与压迫唤起了人们的同情和怜悯心理;就观众接受心理来说,中国观众对大团圆结局的期待反映出悲剧给人们带来的心灵创伤和震颤,从而产生了对美好结局的向往,这强化了悲剧色彩。总之,《雷峰塔》传奇的悲剧性十分具有中国特色。

In the discussion of “tragedy” in the 20century, most scholars believe that there is no tragedy in China. But the existence of Chinese tragedies is a self-evident fact, and Chinese operas should have their own criteria for judging tragedies. The opera of Fang Chengpei’s Leifeng Pagoda in the Qing Dynasty is a representative Chinese tragedy. In terms of the plot development, the work describes the process of ordinary people turning from prosperity to adversity;in terms of the performance of the lyrics, the romantic tune reflects the emotion of tragedy;in terms of the effect of the play, the predicament and oppression faced by Bai Niangzi arouse people’s sympathy and pity;in terms of audience acceptance, Chinese audiences’ expectation of a happy ending reflects the trauma and tremors the tragedy has brought to people, thus creating a yearning for a happy ending, which reinforces the tragedy color.In short, the tragedy of the opera of Leifeng Pagoda contained rich Chinese characteristics.