约翰·罗默机会平等理论的逻辑运演与评析

The Logical Operation and Evaluation of the Equal Opportunity Theory by John Romer

约翰·罗默倡导的市场社会主义规划了社会主义的蓝图,提出市场社会主义不仅是社会主义发展的必然选择,更是福利主义的机会平等得以实现的有力保障。罗默对社会主义未来的描绘是从社会主义者的内在需要着手的,他将研究重点由马克思主义的经验性理论转向了马克思主义的规范性理论,反对将苏联模式的社会主义等同于社会主义本身的做法,要求既注重生产效率,又要保证社会平等。尽管他对公有制的权威提出了质疑,但是他赞同民众控制投资或者政府控制投资的重要性,强调市场社会主义的优势突出表现为对“机会平等”目标的实现。罗默在全面概括总结市场社会主义的发展模式和优势特点,批判罗尔斯、德沃金等反福利主义的平等理论,以及完善阿内逊、柯亨等福利主义的平等理论的基础上,试图建立一个完整的机会平等理论体系,以此达到进一步深层探究机会平等理论脉络的目的。通过对其他思想家观点的批判与补充,罗默充分阐述了自己的观点,这也就是机会平等理论的内容逻辑。罗默的机会平等的理论体系强调“公平的竞争环境”和“个人责任”,社会主义的本质是要提供在社会全体成员中平等分配的一种制度性保证。罗默的机会平等理论推动了当代政治哲学的发展,同样,也引发了关于机会平等主义的激烈争论,具有丰富的理论内涵和研究价值。

The market socialism advocated by John Romer plans the blueprint of socialism,and puts forward that market socialism is not only an inevitable choice for the development of socialism,but also a powerful guarantee for the realization of equal opportunities of welfarism.Romer’s description of the future of socialism starts from the internal needs of socialists.He turns the research focus from the empirical theory of Marxism to the normative theory of Marxism,opposes the practice of equating socialism in the Soviet model with socialism itself,and requires that we not only pay attention to production efficiency,but also ensure social equality.Although he questioned the authority of public ownership,he agreed with the importance of public control of investment or government control of investment,and stressed that the advantages of market socialism were highlighted in the realization of the goal of “equal opportunities”.Romer attempts to establish a complete theoretical system of equal opportunity on the basis of comprehensively summarizing the development mode and advantages of market socialism,criticizing the equality theory of anti welfarism such as Rawls and Dworkin,and improving the equality theory of welfarism such as Arnesen and Cohen,so as to further explore the theoretical context of equal opportunity.By criticizing and supplementing the views of other thinkers,Romer fully expounds his own views,which is the content logic of the equal opportunity theory.Romer’s theoretical system of equal opportunity emphasizes “a fair competitive environment” and “personal responsibility”.The essence of socialism is to provide an institutional guarantee for equal distribution among all members of society.Romer’s theory of equal opportunity has promoted the development of contemporary political philosophy.Similarly,it has also triggered a fierce debate on equal opportunity doctrine,which has rich theoretical connotation and research value.