创新完善淤地坝结构是根治黄河的必由之路

Innovating and Perfecting Warping Dam Structure is the Only Way to Eradicate the Yellow River

黄土高原大规模修建淤地坝等水土保持工程,是消除黄河下游水患的治本之策。在剖析淤地坝拦沙减蚀机理基础上,认为淤地坝能抬高侵蚀基准面、增强坡沟系统的水沙调控作用和稳定性,从而成为拦减入黄泥沙最为显著的工程措施;在分析归纳传统淤地坝溃决风险高等一系列问题后,认为只有创新完善淤地坝工程结构,才是根治黄河的必由之路。清华大学与中国水利水电科学研究院联合研发的钢混预制管板桩组合法修建与除险加固淤地坝新技术,利用钢混预制板桩、管桩、挡护体的协同承压结构,组成混合结构体系,建成管板桩组合淤地坝,是一种全新的坝工技术。板桩坝或管板桩坝是承压体系的核心,可避免土坝因渗流破坏而导致的失稳问题,还有利于病险老旧淤地坝的提质增效,确保工程安全和持续拦沙。此外,由钢混板桩组合而成的排水建筑物、溢洪道,可针对性地克服传统工程的缺陷。最后通过典型淤地坝构建和除险加固设计实例,阐释了新技术的实施要点,充分体现出淤地坝新技术工程基础深、防洪能力强、施工进度快、拦沙滞洪库容大、造价低、管护压力小等优点,还能明显减小淤地坝建设占用坡耕地或林草地的面积,减小对生态环境的影响。

The large-scale construction of warping dams and other soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau is the fundamental strategy to eradicate the flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Based on the analysis of the mechanism of silt trap and erosion reduction,this paper believed that silt trap could raise the erosion base level and enhance the regulation and stability of water and sediment in the slope and gully system,thus becoming the most significant engineering measure to trap and reduce sediment entering into the Yellow River.After analyzing a series of problems of high risk of traditional warping dam collapse,it recognized that only innovating and improving the engineering structure of warping dam is the only way to eradicate the Yellow River.Tsinghua University and the China Academy of Water Resources and Hydropower jointly explored and developed the new technology of steel-concrete precast tubular sheet pile combination method to build and reinforce silt traps.By using the cooperative pressure bearing structure of steel-concrete precast sheet pile,tubular pile and retaining body,a“hybrid structure system”was formed,and a“tubular sheet pile combined warping dam”was built.It is a brand-new dam engineering technology.Sheet pile dam or tubular sheet pile dam is the core of the engineering pressure bearing system.It avoids the instability of earth dams caused by seepage damage,and is also conducive to improving the quality and efficiency of dangerous and old check dams,ensuring the safety of the project and continuous sediment detention.In addition,the drainage structure and spillway composed of steel-concrete sheet piles overcome the corresponding defects of traditional projects.Finally,through the design examples of typical warping dam construction and danger removal and reinforcement,the key points of the implementation of the new technology are explained,which fully reflects the advantages of the new technology of warping dam,such as deep foundation,strong flood control capacity,fast construction progress,expansion of sediment detention and flood detention capacity,low cost,low management and protection pressure,and can also significantly reduce the occupation of large areas of sloping farmland or forest and grassland by the dam construction and have little impact on the ecological environment.