我国软岩大变形灾害控制技术与方法研究进展

Research progress on support technology and methods for soft rock with large deformation hazards in China

我国软岩工程涉及能源开采、水利、交通、国防等重要工程领域。随着我国能源开采逐渐向深部延伸以及交通、水利、隧洞等工程的发展,大量隧道、巷道需穿越软岩地层,高地应力、围岩破碎软弱等问题突出,软岩大变形灾害频频发生,造成重大安全隐患和经济损失。对我国现阶段软岩支护的研究进展做了系统的总结,从4个方面概括分析了软岩大变形灾害控制技术与方法的研究现状,包括:(1)以改进型刚性或可缩性支架、复合型衬砌为代表的被动支护方法;(2)以高强预应力锚杆、锚索为代表的增强型主动支护技术;(3)以注浆改性为主导思想的软岩改性技术;(4)让压技术;(5)多重改进方法联合支护技术。阐述了不同支护技术和方法的发展现状,分析了不同支护手段的适用条件、技术优势与不足。采用单一支护手段的改进通常难以满足软岩大变形控制的需求,如何实现不同支护措施之间的高效协同控制,以及实现对围岩变形应力场的实时精准监测等问题是目前我国软岩大变形灾害防控亟待解决的难题。最后,基于上述研究成果,分析了我国软岩大变形灾害控制技术的发展趋势并提出了建议。

Soft rock engineering involves many important engineering fields such as mining,hydraulic engineering,transport and national defense.With the increase of mining depth and the development of tunnel engineering,a large number of tunnels and roadways need to pass through soft rock formations,in which the problems such as high geostress and broken and weak surrounding rocks are prominent.Large deformation disasters of soft rocks pose serious threats to engineering safety and cause enormeous economic losses.In this paper,the research progress on soft rock support in China is first reviewed,and the research status of technology for soft rock control for large deformation hazards is summarized in the following aspects.(1) Passive support methods represented by improved rigid support,retractable support and compound lining.(2) Reinforced active support technology using high-strength bolts and cables.(3) Soft rock modification technology dominated by grouting modification.(4) Soft rock reinforcement with pressure relief as the core idea.(5) Compound support methods.Furthermore,the development of different supporting technologies and methods are elaborated,and the applicable conditions,advantages and disadvantages of different supporting methods are analyzed.It is usually difficult to meet the demand of large deformation control of soft rock relying on a single support method.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problems of the prevention and control of large deformation disaster of soft rock to realize the efficient collaborative control among different supporting measures and achieve the real-time accurate monitoring of deformation and stress fields.Finally,based on the above research results,the development tendency of support technology for soft rock with large deformation hazards is prospected and the countermeasures are proposed.