刑法中的创新责任:在严格责任、过失与容许风险之间

Innovation Responsibility in Criminal Law: Between Strict Liability, Negligence and Permissible Risk

技术的革新会引发法律的革新。当前,有四种能够解释刑法数字革新的方案,即重塑人的自我画像、作为法(律)媒介的技术、作为法(律)的技术以及“规范的现实领域”的变迁。数字化与技术创新也会对刑法责任的构造产生深刻影响。以人工智能系统为例,刑法中提出了四种创新责任的基本模式,即机器人刑法、严格责任、危险刑法与过失。对于人工智能所诱发的损害,刑法恰当的应对不在于将责任转嫁给机器,也不是引入不考虑过错的严格责任。相反,过失责任仍然是刑法创新责任的恰当基本模式。只有先理解技术的革新潜力,才能回答刑法应作出何种适当的回应。

The transformative technology can lead to transformation of law. This article proposes four options to explain digital transformation of criminal law, namely the reframing of the human self-portrait, technology as medium of law, technology as law, and the Modification of the “reality realm of norms”. Digitisation and technological transformation can also have a profound impact on the construction of criminal law liability. In the case of artificial intelligence systems, for example, four basic models of innovative liability have been proposed in criminal law, namely criminalisation of robots, strict liability, criminal Liability for endangerment and negligence. The appropriate response of criminal law to the damage induced by AI is not to shift criminal accountability from humans to machines or to introduce strict liability that is not premised on fault. Instead, negligence liability remains the appropriate basic model of liability for innovation in criminal law. Only by first understanding the transformative potential of technology can we respond to criminal law accordingly.