论美国次级制裁的域外效力及国际法规制

Extraterritorial Effect and International Law Regulation of US Secondary Sanctions

美国次级制裁的域外效力在国际法领域颇有争议,其域外效力的合法性应从国内法和国际法两个层面进行证成。次级制裁作为美国国内法,在基本符合美国立法管辖标准的前提下,国内合法性得到了普遍认可,但其国际法合法性却备受质疑。次级制裁的立法管辖并不符合传统的国际习惯法,部分次级制裁违背WTO规则,同时也对国际私法中多边主义的冲突规则产生影响。美国在推行单边主义次级制裁的过程中遭到了国际社会的普遍抗议,许多国家采取不同的措施阻断美国制裁法的域外效果。中国应立足国情完善立法体系,采取适当的反制机制,在维护本国利益的同时积极推进涉外法治建设。

The extraterritorial effect of the U.S. secondary sanctions has been quite controversial in international law. The paper demonstrates the extraterritorial validity of different kinds of rules from perspectives of American law and international law. As domestic law of the United States, the secondary sanctions rules do not breach the existing framework of jurisdiction. The legality of unilateral economic sanctions has been argued in international law. Firstly, the legislative jurisdiction of secondary sanctions is not consistent with traditional customary international law. Secondly, some of the specific measures even violate the WTO rules with the dispute settlement mechanism. Finally, unilateral economic sanctions also have a significant impact on the conflict rules of in traditional private international law. Unilateralism of the secondary sanctions rules in the process of implementation was strongly protested by nations, of which take different counter-measures. Base on the national capabilities, China should improve the legislation and judicial system, take appropriate counter-measures and safeguard the national interests and actively promote the construction of foreign-related rules.