朱熹与王船山的心性论之异同

On Differences of the Thought of Xin and Xing between Zhu Xi and Wang Chuanshan

心性关系问题是贯穿宋明理学发展的基本问题,就朱熹与王船山而言,二者均主张心具理,反对心即理,不同之处主要表现在:朱熹强调性为心之本,达到化人心为道心的目的,而船山则强调心因性而成,心在性的实现过程中发挥着关键性的作用。二者在心性关系上的观点之所以不同,则是因为他们各自的思维方式有异:朱熹虽然认为形而下之经验存在是由理气共同构成的,但他始终认为天理是唯一的本体,气则与形而下的万事万物同样以天理为根本;王船山不仅肯定天理的本体地位,同时认为气也是本体,理与气是一体之两面,相互为体。二者在思维方式上的差异也导致了他们价值关切的不同:朱熹致力于建构儒家的天理本体论,为人的经验生存确定本体论依据,认为人的价值在于实现天道;王船山则关注人的经验生存,肯定人道的价值就在于人的能动性。

The relationship between Xin(Heart-mind)and Xing(Human Nature)is one of the basic topics that run through the development of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties.As far as Zhu Xi and Wang Chuanshan are concerned,they both advocated that Li(principle)is human nature and opposed that Xin equals to Li.The difference is that Zhu Xi believed that Xin should be dominated by Xing,and Xing is the master of Xin,which can transfer human mind into moral mind.Wang Chuanshan focused on the interaction between the two,and believed that the realization of the human nature is not simply the result of Xing dominating Xin,but also the active choice of the Xin.This difference was caused by the different ways of thinking.Although the empirical things that exist in the real world are constituted by Li and Qi,Zhu Xi regarded Li only as the transcendent noumenon,regarded Qi and the real things as the empirical existence.However,Wang Chuanshan believed that Li and Qi are not two things but different aspects of the transcendent noumenon.The function of the two are mutual achievement.The difference in the way of thinking reflected different value orientations.Zhu Xi was committed to establishing the ontology for Confucianism,which also aimed to set the foundation of the empirical world,so he believed the Dao(Way)of human is the phenomenon of noumenon.Whereas Wang Chuanshan paid close attention to the empirical world,so he affirmed the decisive role played by human being in the implementation of human nature.