从个人史、家族史到溪镇共同体的建构——论余华小说中地主形象的演变

From Personal History and Family History to the Construction of Xi Town Community——On the evolution of landlord image in Yu Hua’s novels

余华小说中的地主形象主要有《一个地主的死》中的“英雄”地主王香火、《活着》中的没落地主福贵、《文城》中的至善地主林祥福。《一个地主的死》着重展示王香火成长为抗日英雄的个人创伤体验,表达作者对阶级属性、战争性质和战争目的的质疑。《活着》聚焦于福贵的家族史,从农民的现代性蜕变这一角度书写福贵及其家人在时代激变中的坎坷命运,展示了个体命运的偶然性和忍受苦难的生存哲学。《文城》侧重于描写清末民初溪镇百姓在应对天灾人祸时团结一致构建乡村共同体所做出的努力,体现了作者从人类记忆的伦理共识和“共同体”的建构这一角度来呼唤以儒家“仁义”为基础的传统乡村治理模式。三位地主形象的演变蕴含了余华塑造地主形象的叙事策略和审美追求,即从凸显个体命运的自主性、偶然性转移到对爱情、婚姻、家庭与血缘关系的思考上,再到对理想乡村共同体建构与乡绅治理关系的探讨上。

The landlord images in Yu Hua’s novels mainly include the“hero”landlord Wang Xianghuo in The Death of a Landlord,the declining landlord Fugui in To Live and the perfect landlord Lin Xiangfu in Wencheng.The Death of a Landlord focuses on the personal traumatic experience of Wang Xianghuo growing into a anti-Japanese hero,expressing the author’s doubts about class attributes,the nature of war and the purpose of war.To Live focuses on Fugui’s family history,describes the rough fate of Fugui’s family in the drastic changes of the times from the perspective of the modern transformation of farmers,and shows the contingency of individual fate and the survival philosophy of enduring suffering.Wencheng focuses on describing the efforts of people in Xi Town in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China to unite and build a rural community in response to natural and man-made disasters,which reflects the author’s call for the traditional rural governance model based on Confucian“benevolence and justice”from the perspective of the ethical consensus of human memory and the construction of“community”.The evolution of the three landlords image contains the narrative strategy of Yu Hua landlord image and aesthetic pursuit,he highlighted from the fate of individual autonomy,contingency is transferred to the love,marriage,family and kinship,as well as to the rural community construction and the squire of the relationship between governance ideal.