从柏拉图的“洞喻”到现代人心灵的“黑洞”——论路易斯·萨奇尔《洞》的多重隐喻叙事

From Plato’s“Cave Metaphor”to the“Black Hole”of Modern People’s Mind——On the multiple metaphorical narration of Louis Sacher’s Holes

路易斯·萨奇尔的《洞》绝非简单的寻宝小说,而是一部叙事结构精妙、富有多重象征意蕴的成长小说和寓言小说,隐喻叙事是其最大的艺术特色。“洞”是一种极富哲学意蕴的存在:在宇宙体系学说中,“黑洞”毁灭旧世界,“白洞”创造新空间;在电子传媒时代里,手机、电脑的屏幕同样是一个个向人敞开的、伪像丛生的“无底巨洞”;在哲学世界里,柏拉图以“洞穴人”的故事隐喻人类的生存境遇,揭示人类认知维度的高低决定着社会的发展走向;从存在主义哲学角度看,虚无主义如吞噬一切的“黑洞”。《洞》是植根于西方文化传统的艺术之花,其中包含着多重隐喻。小说题目Holes是复数形式,直译是“洞们”或“许多洞”,它不止指涉孩子们在翠湖营上挖掘的许多洞——蛀孔,更隐喻小说各个叙事层面上的“洞”——时间上、空间上、认知上和灵魂上的“洞”。

Holes by Louis Saatchir is not a simple treasure hunting novel,but a growth novel and allegory novel with exquisite narrative structure and multiple symbolic meanings,and metaphorical narration is its biggest artistic feature.“Hole”is a kind of existence with great philosophical implications.In the theory of cosmic system,“black hole”destroys the old world,and“white hole”creates new space.In the age of electronic media,the screen of mobile phones and computers is also a“bottomless giant hole”with numerous false images open to people.In the philosophical world,Plato used the story of“cave man”as a metaphor for the living conditions of human beings.The level of human cognition determines the development trend of society.From the point of view of existentialist philosophy,nihilism is like a black hole swallowing everything.Holes is an artistic flower rooted in western cultural tradition,literally translated as“holes”or“many holes”.It not only refers to many holes dug by children in Cuihu Camp--wormholes,but also metaphorically describes the“holes”in various narrative levels of the novel--in time,space,cognition and soul.