个人自由价值的现时代反思——以马克思自由人联合体思想为视角

Reflections on the Value of Individual Freedom in the Present Era:From the Perspective of Marx’s Idea of Association of Free Individuals

海德格尔称现代人的自由毫无意义,这正表明马克思以自由人联合体为最终目标的现代性批判内涵。黑格尔以主体性自由为现代世界的基本原则,并以此为核心,通过伦理国家批判近代社会契约论中个人与国家的外在关系。马克思一方面继承黑格尔对社会契约论的批判,要求现代性的资本批判;另一方面又重新反思黑格尔的国家观,要求现代性的理性主义批判;并指出现代性的自由就是理性主义与资本共谋下对人的全面统治,而只有通过感性对象性的活动才能为人的解放开辟现实的实体性道路。马克思的现代性批判无疑运用了理性,但因其以社会现实为根基而与理性主义相去甚远;自由无疑是马克思现代性批判的价值追求,但因其见诸于联合体之上归属于人类文明而非归属于现代世界。疫情时代,现代性已经以复式效应触碰其限度,马克思“人的自由全面发展”理想首先要从人重新回到广泛生动的感性现实世界开始。

Heidegger’s claim that the freedom of modern man is meaningless shows the critical connotation of modernity in which Marx takes the association of free individuals as the ultimate goal. Hegel takes the freedom of subjectivity as the basic principle of the modern world,and takes it as the core to criticize the external relationship between the individual and the state in the modern social contract theory through the ethical state. On the one hand,Marx inherits Hegel’s critique of social contract theory and demands capital critique of modernity;on the other hand,Marx re-examines Hegel’s view of the state and demands rationalism criticism of modernity. The freedom of modernity is the comprehensive domination of human beings under the conspiracy of rationalism and capital. Only through perceptual and object-oriented activities can a realistic and substantive road be opened up for the liberation of human beings. Marx’s critique of modernity undoubtedly uses rationality,but it is far from rationalism because it is based on social reality;freedom is undoubtedly the value pursuit of Marx’s modernity criticism,but because it is seen on top of the association,and it belongs to human civilization rather than to the modern world. In the era of the epidemic,modernity has already touched its limits with multiple effects. Marx’s ideal of“human freedom and comprehensive development”should begin with the return of human beings to the broad and vivid perceptual real world.