Transcriptome analysis shows nicotinamide seed treatment alters expression of genes involved in defense and epigenetic processes in roots of seedlings of Picea abies

Nicotinamide treatment of plants and plant cell cultures has been shown to promote defense and decrease levels of DNA methylation.In the present study,we used RNA-seq technology to study overall changes in gene expression induced in roots of 3-month-old spruce(Picea abies)seedlings grown from nicotinamide-treated seeds to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense promotion.Approximately 350 genes were identified as differentially expressed in roots after the seed treatment.Stress response genes,including transcription factors MYB77 and LHY and two chitinase enzymes,were generally upregulated,whereas genes thought to be involved in epigenetic regulation such as DDM1,known to promote DNA methylation,were present at high frequency among the downregulated genes.Across all samples,the expression of downregulated epigenetic-related genes was highly correlated with the nicotinamide treatment,indicating a common regulation.Our results support an earlier hypothesis regarding a potential role of nicotinamide as a defense-signal mediator.