普及化阶段高等教育对收入及收入分配的影响

The Impact of Higher Education on Income and Income Distribution in the Popularization Stage

基于中国家庭追踪调查微观数据,运用普通最小二乘回归(OLS)和分位数回归(QR)方法,分析普及化阶段高等教育对个体收入的影响及其对各收入群体的异质性影响。研究发现:(1)从收入增长角度看,普及化阶段高等教育对收入提升仍具有显著的正向影响,但提升幅度呈下降趋势;(2)在异质性方面,对比中、高收入群体,高等教育对低收入群体尤其是极低收入群体的增收作用更大,而对极高收入群体的增收作用最小;(3)高等教育对各收入群体的边际贡献不同,从极低收入群体依次到极高收入群体,呈现“先持续下降,再缓慢上升又下降”的趋势;(4)从收入分配角度看,高等教育缩小了低收入群体与中高收入群体之间的收入差距。在高等教育发展的新阶段,建议重视并大力发展高等职业教育,适当加快高等教育普及化进程;扩大低收入家庭子女的中考、高考录取比例,着重提高底层家庭子女的高等教育入学率;推动大数据技术在高等教育发展过程中的合理运用,精准识别来自低收入家庭的学生;强化高等教育质量导向,提升各类高校的人才培养质量。

Based on the micro data of China’s household tracking survey,the impact of higher education on individual income and its heterogeneous impact on each income group in the popularization stage were analyzed by using the methods of ordinary least squares regression(OLS)and quantile regression(QR).The results show that:from the perspective of income growth,higher education in the popularization stage still has a significant positive impact on income increase,but the increase range shows a downward trend;in terms of heterogeneity,compared with the middle and high-income groups,higher education plays a greater role in increasing the income of low-income groups,especially the very low-income groups,while it has least role in increasing the income of very high-income groups;the marginal contribution of higher education to each income group is different,from very low-income group to very high-income group,showing a trend of“first continuous declining,then slow rising and declining”;from the perspective of income distribution,higher education has narrowed the income gap between low-income groups and middle and high-income groups.In the context of the new stage of higher education development,it is suggested to pay attention to and vigorously develop higher vocational education and appropriately speed up the popularization of higher education,to expand the proportion of children from low-income families admitted to the high school entrance examination and college entrance examination,to focus on improving the higher education enrollment rate of children from low-income families,to accurately apply big data technology to promote the development of low-income students in higher education,to strengthen the quality orientation of higher education,and to improve the quality of talent training in various colleges and universities.