大斗拔谷新考

A New Study on Dadouba Col

从名称演变、地理形势、军事路线等多方面来看,古代的大斗拔谷就是今天的大都麻谷,而非扁都谷。自汉代以来,张掖以南祁连山中就存在多条翻越大山通向青海、河湟的道路,其中以大都麻口和扁都口较为关键。中古时期,因频繁直通青海湖的战争(赵充国伐羌、隋炀帝西巡、唐蕃间战争),由张掖途经大斗拔谷向南的山路更显重要。时至近世,“大斗拔”音讹为“大都麻”,并日渐衰落;扁都口的地位越来越突出,这是由于明代以后张掖与西宁关系日趋紧密、青海蒙古诸部借由扁都口驻牧大草滩。清代以来,世人先入为主,把明清时方便且显著的扁都口追认为大斗拔谷,实在是两三百年来的一大误会。

With the perspective on the evolution of name,geographical situation,military routes and other aspects,this paper regards the ancient Dadouba Col(大斗拔谷)is present Daduma Col(大都麻谷),which is not Biandu Col(扁都谷).Since the Han dynasty,there has been many channels across the mountains leading to Qinghai and Hehuang(河湟)in the Qilian Mountains at the south of Zhangye(张掖),in which Daduma Col and Biandu Col were the most important valley.From the third to ninth century,wars were occurred around Qinghai Lake,such as Zhao Chongguo’s expedition to Qiang(羌),Sui Yangdi’s westward patrol,Tang dynasty’s multiple battles with Tubo(吐蕃).Thus,the road from Zhangye to Dadouba Col was more important.Since the modern time,Dadouba Col has been mistaken for Daduma Col and its status was fallen.However,the status of Biandu Col became more and more prominent due to the increasingly close relationship between Zhangye and Xining after the Ming dynasty,and the Mongolian tribes of Qinghai resided in Dacaotan(大草滩)from Biandu Col.Since the Qing dynasty,people had preconceived and recognized Biandu Col that was convenient and prominent in the Ming and Qing dynasties as the Dadouba Col.It is really a big mistake in the past two or three hundred years.