“犬牙相制”与明代西南土司治理

“Border Crisscross”and Management of Tusi(土司)in the Southwestern during Ming Dynasty

明统治者在西南土司治理中秉持了“犬牙相制”的治理方略。主要表现在将同一地域诸府州县、卫所、土司分隶不同行省管辖,从而形成西南诸省毗邻地区府州县、卫所、土司“犬牙相制”的政区地理格局。这一治理方略在明前期对于强化土司控制、维护地区稳定起到了积极作用,但随着历史的演进,亦出现土司纷争愈演愈烈、军民夷矛盾激化、省际矛盾突显、土司桀骜日甚等弊端。为此,明统治者欲通过邻省兼制、设立总督予以补救,然终因积重难返而收效甚微。部分官员提出的政区改隶建议亦因遭到反对而未能实施。“犬牙相制”遂成为影响整个明王朝西南土司治理成效的重要因素。

The Ming emperor scarried out the Border Crisscross as principle to manage Tusi(土司)in the southwestern.It mainly manifested in putting the administrative areas of prefectures,counties,Wei-so and Tusi in the same region under the rule of different provinces,which aimed at forming a regional management pattern named Border Crisscross.The management pattern played a positive role in strengthening the control of Tusiand maintaining regional stability in the early of Ming.However,some drawbacks emerged later,such as Tusi’sdisputes,civil military conflicts,contradictions between provinces and the growing power of unruly Tusi.The Ming emperors wanted to remedy it by taking measures such as combining the adjacent provinces and setting up governor-general,which produced little effect finally.The proposals of administrative region adjustment were also failed to implement because of the opposition.Border Crisscross became an important factor affecting the governance effect of southwest chieftains’ regions in Ming dynasty.