秩序与和谐:礼乐制度与行为正义

Order and Harmony:Institution of Li-Yue and Justice of Behavior

西周是中国文化的“轴心时代”,而“礼”则是社会公共生活的“制度综合”。“礼”作为典制,其现实性上的目的是实现社会公共生活的多元秩序与和谐。在理念上,“礼”作为制度体系是圣人法天立极、依于天道而建立人道的结果,因此它是由天地人神共构而形成的人道世界的制度典范,充分体现了人为自我立法的价值建构。因“礼之本”在天道,所以在古典儒学的特定语境之下,“礼”具有神圣性内涵。“王”或“天子”以其特定名分现身于“礼”的制度结构之中,他必须成为循礼的典范,而不具有度越于制度规范的特权。“礼”对于“名分”的制约具有现实意义的普遍有效性。“对象性交往关系情境”是一切个体实现其现实生存的基本场域,处于其中的个体(主体)间“名分”的表达具有原则上的对等性,包含责任、权利、义务的平等意义。“名分”之实,即是公开场域中的个体性或公共交往秩序中的主体性。“名分”的恰当体现即是“义”,是在公开性意义上关于个体(主体)行为正义的本质限定。

The author considers that the Dynasty of Western Zhou occupies the Axial Age in the history of Chinese culture.Li(礼)consists an institutional complex for individuals’public life.As an institutional system,the practical goal of Li is to realize the order and harmony in different dimensions of the public social life.Conceptually,Li is the way of Sheng Ren(圣人)imitating the Way of Heaven and establishing the ultimate principle for man,and the outcome of transforming the Way of Heaven into the way of humanism.Therefore,the world of Li is a structural system of the heaven,the earth,the men and the gods that consists the world of humanism in which a man can create,establish or realize his own values of living in different styles of communication with different objects.In the specific context of classic Confucianism,Li has its own sacredness.The supreme ruler or the so-called the Son of Heaven(天子)has his legitimacy in behavior only when he abides by all the obligations of Li assigned to him.He must be the exemplar of following the system of nameand-obligation,and has no any privilege of non-compliance to the system.As the rules or norms of people’s behavior in publicity,the general effectiveness of Li embodies in such a situation the author called it as the situation of inter-communicational relationship of objectivity.This situation is the only field of man can realize his own life and values.Different individuals in the situation consist of a shared field in which an individual showed up his own subjectivity by the way of executing his name-and-obligation properly.In the sense of every person has to execute properly his name-and-obligation in the field of the situation of intercommunicational relationship of objectivity,every individual’s equality of responsibilities,rights and obligations can be discussed.The author believes that the substance of name-and-obligation is the individuality in publicity or the subjectivity in the order of public communications.For any person,to execute properly his name-and-obligation in the field of public communication is suitable,appropriate,rectitude and so it is justice in behavior.