On the use of cross polarization in solid-state NMR:1 H spinlock versus adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame

Cross polarization(CP)is a widely used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)technique for enhancing the polarization of dilute S spins from much larger polarization of abundant I spins such as 1 H.To achieve such a polarization transfer,the I spin should either be spin-locked or be converted to the dipolar ordered state through adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame.In this work,we analyze the spin dynamics of the Hartmann-Hahn CP(HHCP)utilizing the 1 H spin-locking,and the dipolar-order CP(DOCP)having the 1 H adiabatic demagnetization.We further propose an adiabatic demagnetization CP(ADCP)where a constant radio-frequency pulse is applied on the S spin while 1 H is adiabatically demagnetized.Our analyses indicate that ADCP utilizes the adiabatic passage to effectively achieve the polarization transfer from the 1 H to S spins.In addition,the dipolar ordered state generated during the 1 H demagnetization process could also be converted into the observable S polarization through DOCP,further enhancing the polarized signals.It is shown by both static and magic-angle-spinning(MAS)NMR experiments that ADCP has dramatically broadened the CP matching condition over the other CP schemes.Various samples have been used to demonstrate the polarization transfer efficiency of this newly proposed ADCP scheme.