三元互动作用下传统唱书的衰歇与勃兴——以介休宝卷与昭通唱书的发展走向为例

The Decline and Rise of Traditional Musical Story-telling Under the Ternary Interaction——Taking the Development Trend of Jiexiu and Zhaotong Musical Story-telling as Examples

民间曲艺的兴衰主要受听众群体、说唱艺人、社会需求三方面因素共同影响,中国传统唱书的式微与兴盛亦不离此宗。清末以降,以山西介休为中心的介休宝卷之衰歇,与晋商家眷群体式微、尼姑还俗、慰藉性题材难以满足娱乐性需求息息相关。同时期,以云南昭通为中心的昭通唱书之兴盛,与受众面广泛、艺术门槛低、题材娱乐性强不无关联。介休宝卷与昭通唱书最终走向迥然不同的发展道路,前者由守成走向衰歇,后者却历久弥新。由此可见,传统唱书之守成或衍进是在以社会需求为导向、以受众群体为基础、以说唱艺术为引领的三元互动作用下的合规律性发展。这对当下保护和传承说唱类非物质文化遗产同样具有建设性指导作用。

The decline and rise of folk vocal art are mainly influenced by three factors:audience,folk artists and social demand,the same is true of traditional musical story-telling.For example,the decline of the musical story-telling once popular in Jiexiu,Shanxi Province was closely related to the following reasons:the declining of Shanxi merchants and their families,nuns resuming secular life and consolation themes failing to meet entertainment needs since the Qing Dynasty,whereas the rise of musical story-telling gained popularity and prospered in Zhaotong,Yunnan Province due to the great amount of audience,low threshold of acceptance,and strongly entertaining themes.The art form finally went in different directions:the former went from retention to decline and the latter survived and thrived for a long time.Therefore,it can be safely concluded that the preservation or evolution of traditional story-telling art will be influenced social needs,wide audience and the art form.Their interactions play a constructive and guiding role in protecting and inheriting the intangible cultural heritage of the same kind.