生物炭引入蚯蚓粪和草炭对基质环境、黄瓜植株生长和果实品质特性的影响

Effects of Introducing Biochar into Vermicompost and Peat on Substrate Environment,Cucumber Growth and Quality Characteristics

【目的】草炭是无土栽培主要应用基质,但其为不可再生资源,限制了无土栽培的大面积发展。基于黄瓜设施生产,通过生物炭及蚯蚓粪、生物炭及草炭两种基质配方,探究应用于黄瓜生产的基质改良新方案,并探究蚯蚓粪作为栽培基质,代替草炭基质的可能性。【方法】试验以草炭基质为对照(P),蚯蚓粪(V)、草炭+生物炭(PB,质量比4∶1),蚯蚓粪+生物炭(VB,质量比1∶1)为基质处理,通过两茬黄瓜种植,系统分析不同栽培基质下的基质环境、黄瓜植株生长、果实品质特性及黄瓜产量的变化。【结果】有机碳、全氮等基质养分和产量指标有明显季节差异,春茬高于秋茬;VB处理可提高两茬有机碳、速效钾和全钾含量;相较P,PB处理可显著提高秋茬基质全钾、速效钾含量和pH值(分别提高33.8%、397.5%和4.2%),以及春茬有机碳和速效钾(30.8%、186.4%)含量。VB处理相对P处理可增加速效钾和速效磷含量(春茬130.5%和86.5%,秋茬242.5%和194.7%),另外,V处理连续两茬后基质酸化趋势低于P处理;与P处理相比,VB处理茎粗相对生长率、叶绿素、株高相对生长率、叶片相对生长率、地下部干重(秋茬)均无显著差异,春茬地下部鲜重显著增加。与P处理相比,PB处理后春茬地上部鲜重、地下部干鲜重显著增加,V处理在一定程度降低叶绿素和叶片相对生长率;VB处理相对P和V处理可增加可溶性固形物、草炭添加生物炭相对草炭处理可增加秋茬果实Vc,相比P处理,V及VB处理没有降低黄瓜产量,PB处理可显著增加黄瓜产量(春茬6.7%,秋茬15.2%)。【结论】基质养分、植株生长特性、黄瓜产量均表现出春茬高于秋茬的季节性差异,但黄瓜的部分品质指标相反。相较P处理,PB处理可提高基质养分,黄瓜品质和产量,蚯蚓粪添加生物炭处理可替代草炭作为黄瓜的栽培基质,维持黄瓜产量,并促进黄瓜生长和可溶性固形物含量增加。

[Objective]As the main substrate for soilless culture,peat is a non-renewable resource,which limits the large-scale development of soilless culture.Based on the production facility of cucumber,two new substrate improvement formulations,namely biochar and vermicompost,biochar and peat,were applied to cucumber production,and the possibility of vermicompost as a cultivation substrate instead of peat substrate was explored.[Method]In this study,peat was used as the control(P),vermicompost(V),peat with biochar(Pb,mass ratio 4∶1),vermicompost with biochar(VB,mass ratio 1∶1)were treatments.Through two crops of cucumber planting,a systematic analysis of the substrate environment,cucumber plant growth,fruit quality characteristics and cucumber yield under different cultivation substrates was implemented.[Result]Organic carbon,total nitrogen,substrate nutrients content and cucumber yield had significant seasonal differences,and the indexes of the spring season was higher than those of the autumn season.VB increased organic carbon,total potassium and available potassium contents in two seasons.Compared with P,PB increased total potassium,available potassium content and pH value(33.8%、397.5% and 4.2%),and increased the contents of organic carbon and available potassium(30.8%、186.4%)in the spring season.Compared with P,VB increased available potassium and available phosphorus content(130.5% and 86.5% in the spring season;242.5% and 194.7% in the autumn season).In addition,the acidification was stronger in P than VB treatments after two seasons.There was no significant difference in chlorophyll,underground dry weight,the relative growth rate of stem diameter,plant height and leaf number between VB and P treatment in the autumn season,however,the fresh weight of spring stubble underground had increased significantly.Compared with P,the aboveground fresh weight and underground dry fresh weight of PB treatment increased significantly in spring stubble.Also,chlorophyll and relative growth rate of leaf number were reduced in V treatment.Compared with P and V,VB treatment increased fruit soluble solids,and compared with P,PB increased VC in the autumn season.Compared with P,V and VB,the yield of cucumber was not reduced,however,PB significantly increased the yield of cucumber(6.7% in spring and 15.2% in autumn).[Conclusion]The substrate nutrients,plant growth characteristics and cucumber yield of spring stubble were higher than that of autumn stubble,with the exception of some of the quality indicators of cucumbers,which showed an opposite trend.Compared with P,PB increased the nutrients of peat substrate,the quality and yield of cucumbers.As a replacement of peat,the addition of biochar into vermicompost as a cultivation substrate for cucumbers can,improve cucumber yield,promote cucumber growth and increase soluble solids content.