滴灌施磷对甜菜磷养分吸收及磷肥利用率的影响

Effects of phosphorus application by drip irrigation on phosphorus uptake and phosphorus utilization efficiency of sugarbeet

采用随机区组设计,以塔额盆地主栽甜菜品种(Beta796)为试验材料开展大田试验。在氮、钾施用量相同的情况下,设置滴灌施磷(P_(2)O_(5))0 kg·hm^(-2)(P_(0))、120 kg·hm^(-2)(P_(1))、180 kg hm^(-2)(P_(2))和240 kg·hm^(-2)(P_(4))4个处理,研究甜菜主要生育时期磷养分吸收、积累和分配规律,分析甜菜磷养分利用效率,以期为甜菜高产、优质、高效生产中磷肥管理提供理论依据。结果表明,滴灌施磷能增加甜菜干物质积累量,P_(1)、P_(2)和P_(3)处理干物质积累量较P_(0)处理分别增加16.6%、24.7%和27.9%,其中P_(2)、P_(3)处理间差异不显著。甜菜干物质积累Logistic方程显示施磷能显著提高甜菜干物质最大累积速率和平均积累速率,最高分别可达443.7和185.7 kg·hm^(-2)·d^(-1)。甜菜磷积累总量随施磷增加而增加,有利于提高生育后期甜菜磷积累量,尤其是甜菜地下部的磷积累量;收获期P_(3)处理地下部磷积累量为74.25 kg·hm^(-2),较P_(0)、P_(1)和P_(2)处理分别显著增加76.7%、24.8%和12.1%。施磷对收获期甜菜磷素在地上部、地下部分配无显著影响。试验结果表明滴灌施磷显著提高了甜菜产量,增加了甜菜块根的含糖量及产糖量。P_(1)、P_(2)和P_(3)处理块根产量比P_(0)处理分别增加11.57%、18.58%和20.89%,甜菜蔗糖含量比P_(0)处理分别增加1.18%、2.90%和3.37%。施磷对甜菜品质影响不大。施磷增加了磷肥的当季利用率,不同处理磷肥利用率可达31.54%~39.66%。P_(2)处理能增加磷素农学效率,磷肥偏生产力则随着施磷量增加而减少。综合甜菜相对产糖量、经济效益及磷肥利用效率,滴灌施磷(P_(2)O_(5))85.1~187.4 kg·hm^(-2),可以实现甜菜高产和磷肥高效利用的目的。

The field experiment was carried out using the main sugarbeet variety“Beta796”in Ta’er basin as experimental material,and the randomized block design was adopted.Four treatments of phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))application rates(P_(0):0 kg·hm^(-2),P_(1):120 kg·hm^(-2),P2:180 kg·hm^(-2)and P_(3):240 kg·hm^(-2))were set up under drip irrigation at the same rate of nitrogen and potassium.The absorption,accumulation and distribution of phosphorus nutrients in the main growth stages of sugarbeet were studied and the utilization efficiency of phosphorus nutrients in sugarbeet was analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for phosphate fertilizer management in the production of high yield,high quality and high efficiency of sugarbeet.The results showed that phosphorus application under drip irrigation increased the dry matter accumulation of sugarbeet,and compared with P_(0) treatment,the dry matter accumulation of P_(1),P_(2) and P_(3) treatments increased by 16.6%,24.7%and 27.9%,respectively,and there was no significant difference between P_(2) and P_(3) treatments.The Logistic equation of dry matter accumulation of sugarbeet showed that phosphorus application significantly increased the maximum dry matter accumulation rate and average dry matter accumulation rate of sugarbeet,up to 443.7 and 185.7 kg·hm^(-2)·d^(-1),respectively.The total phosphorus accumulation of sugarbeet increased with the increase of phosphorus application rate,which was beneficial to increase the phosphorus accumulation of sugarbeet in the later growth stage,especially in the underground part of sugarbeet.Compared with P_(0),P_(1) and P_(2) treatments,the underground phosphorus accumulation of P_(3) treatment increased by 76.7%,24.8%and 12.1%,respectively,at harvest time.Distribution proportion of sugarbeet phosphorus in aboveground and underground parts of different phosphorus application treatments had no significant difference.The results showed that the application of phosphorus in drip irrigation significantly increased the yield of sugarbeet,the sugar content of sugarbeet root and sugar yield.Compared with P_(0) treatment,the root yield of P_(1),P_(2) and P_(3) treatments increased by 11.57%,18.58%and 20.89%,respectively,and the sucrose content of sugar beet increased by 1.18%,2.90%and 3.37%,respectively.The quality of sugar beet was hardly affected by phosphorus application.Phosphorus application increased the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer,and the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in different treatments was 31.54%~39.66%.P_(2) treatment increased the agronomic utilization efficiency of phosphorus,and partial productivity of phosphorus decreased with the increase of phosphorus application rate.Considering the relative sugar yield,economic benefit and phosphorus utilization efficiency of sugarbeet,drip irrigation with phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))85.1~187.4 kg·hm^(-2)can achieve the purpose of high yield and efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in sugarbeet.