马克思在博士论文中对康德伦理思想的批判

Marx's Critique of Kantian Ethical Thought in His Doctoral Thesis

在马克思看来,康德基于资本主义初步发展造成的个体冲突、个体与社会之间的对立所提出的道德自治方案并不能真正解决问题。伊壁鸠鲁作为古代最伟大的启蒙思想家,其哲学代表了古希腊哲学从实体精神向主体精神的发展。马克思希望通过重回古希腊哲学,寻求资本主义生存困境下个体导向“好”的生活的途径。在博士论文中,马克思通过对伊壁鸠鲁物理学、伦理学的探讨,在多个伦理命题上回应并试图推进康德的伦理思考,表现出其超越机械自然观和进行宗教批判的努力。同时,博士论文时期的马克思已初步认识到抽象的自我意识打碎自身的纯粹主观性并成为一种实践力量的必要性,并觉察到个体的道德行为受到自然条件、社会条件等偶然性和具体境遇的规定,个体必须参与共同体生活,在“关系”中获得自身的伦理性。

In Marx’s view,Kantian moral autonomy could not really solve the conflict and confrontation between individuals as well as the individual and the society,as a result of the initial development of capitalism.As the greatest enlightenment thinker in ancient times,Epicurean philosophy represented the development of ancient Greek philosophy from entity spirit to subject spirit.Returning to ancient Greek philosophy,Marx tried to find a way to lead a“good”life under the predicament of human existence in capitalism.In his doctoral thesis,Marx responded to and tried to advance Kantian ethical thinking on a number of ethical propositions by discussing Epicurean physics and ethics,showing his efforts to transcend mechanical view of nature and engage in religious criticism.In the dissertation period,Marx has a preliminary realization that the abstract self-consciousness must break its pure subjectivity and grow into practical power and individual moral behavior is influenced by natural and social conditions.The individuals must participate in community life,in which they complete their ethical life.