对亚里士多德“不自制”学说的一种可行解读方案

New Critical Interpretation of Aristotle’s Akrasia Thought

学界对亚里士多德如何以及是否成功地解释了不自制的发生一直争论不休,一方强调造成不自制的理性因素,另一方强调造成不自制的非理性因素。实际上,亚里士多德对产生不自制的原因的解释采纳的是兼具欲求和理性双重原因的模型,这一模型区分了思考过程和行动过程:在思考过程中不自制者的欲求和理性都只是潜在的,其所具有的欲求是潜在的希望,其所具有的理性(即知识)是潜在的明智;在行动过程中,受现实欲望的驱动,孱弱者的理性允许自己放弃在先的考虑并屈从于欲望,而冲动者的理性隐藏于欲求之后,其可被归责性是因欲求分有理性得到确认。

It has been controversial among the scholars about how and whether Aristotle explains akrasia successfully.Some scholars pay special attention to the intellectual cause of akrasia,others to the unintellectual cause of akrasia.In fact,Aristotle’s interpretation of the cause of akrasia takes a double-cause reading model that includes both desire and reason.This model distinguishes the thinking process from action process of akrasia.In the thinking process,the desire and reason from the akratic are potential.The desire in him is a potential wish,and the reason(i.e.,knowledge)in him is potential phronesis.In the action process,motivated by appetite,the reason of the weak allows himself to abandon earlier consideration and yield to appetite,while the reason of the impetuous is hidden behind desire.The imputability of the impetuous is confirmed,with reason,by spontaneity of desire.