本体:学术的与现实的——兼论哲学的无定论和有定论

Study of Academic Ontology and Realistic Ontology from the Perspective of Philosophical Certainty and Uncertainty

若是将中西传统哲学的本体论置于“解释”世界和“建构”世界两种视野之下来看待,便会看到本体的两种含义:学术的和现实的。在本体论研究中,哲学家仅从“解释”世界的视野看待本体论,仅知道本体在哲学理论中被解释的含义,亦即学术含义,西方传统哲学还据此把探讨本体论的形而上学看成是第一科学,并因此导致了西方形而上学的“危机”和拒斥形而上学的潮流。但从“建构”世界的视野看待本体论,就会发现中西传统哲学家在解释本体的含义时基于科学知识融入了自己主观的价值诉求,并试图把这种价值诉求作为一种“意义”赋予本体或者说世界。当哲学家的做法在符合“事实合理性”标准的基础上又符合“价值合理性”标准并得到某些主观条件支持时,他们赋予本体或世界的意义就会被社会大众当成真实存在的世界本质,学术的本体就变成了现实的本体,社会大众据此而形成自己的世界观,并经由人性的规定决定其人生观和价值观。如果哲学家仅站在“哲学之内”在“解释”世界的视野中把本体的含义理解为学术的含义,就会因在何谓“超验”本体的问题上争论不休但又无法基于经验判定对错而得出“哲学无定论”的结论;但若是他们能站在“哲学之外”在“建构”世界的视野中发现本体的现实的含义,那么,就能发现一种在特定的历史条件下经由本体论建构的确定的世界,得出“哲学有定论”的结论,并发现一直被哲学界普遍忽视的哲学学科最为重要的“建构”世界的作用。

If the ontology of traditional Chinese and Western philosophy is placed under the two visions of“interpreting”the world and“constructing”the world,the noumenon has two meanings:academic and realistic.In the study of ontology,philosophers study ontology only from the perspective of interpreting the world,and know the academic meaning of noumenon explained in philosophical theory.Based on this meaning,Western philosophy also regards the metaphysics of ontology as first science,which has led to the“crisis”of Western metaphysics and the trend of rejection of metaphysics.But when people look at ontology from the perspective of constructing the world,they will find that traditional Chinese and Western philosophers have incorporated their own subjective value regulations based on scientific knowledge in interpreting the connotations of noumenon,and tried to give this regulation as a kind of“meaning”to the noumenon or the world.When their actions meet the standards of“reasonableness of facts”and the standard of“reasonableness of value”,and are supported by certain subjective conditions,the meaning of noumenon or world given by philosophers is regarded by the community as the real nature of the world,academic noumenon has become the real noumenon.Based on this real noumenon,the public have formed their worldview on life and values,which are determined through the rules of human nature.When philosophers who only stand“within philosophy”understand the meaning of noumenon as academic meaning from the perspective of“interpreting”the world,they will be arguing what noumenon is and concludes that“philosophy is inconclusive”because they cannot judge right or wrong about“transcendental”ontology by experience.If they stand“outside of philosophy”and find the realistic meaning of noumenon from the perspective of“constructing”the world,then they will be able to discover a definite world constructed by ontology,and affirm that“philosophy has a definite conclusion”,from which they discover the most important world-building role of the philosophical discipline hitherto largely ignored by philosophers.