换电站建设补贴对新能源汽车换电模式的影响——基于供应链决策视角

The Impact of Subsidies for the Construction of Swap Stations on the Battery Swapping Model of the New Energy Vehicle:From the Perspective of Supply Chain Decision-making

新能源汽车换电模式还处于发展初级阶段,换电站面临数量不足、分布不均、建设成本高等问题,严重制约着换电模式的发展。文章考虑政府对换电站建设实施补贴,构建由政府、汽车制造商和换电运营商三方参与的决策博弈模型,探讨补贴政策对换电模式的推广作用。求解了补贴前后供应链各成员的最优定价、适当的补贴比例和电池配比等关键决策变量,参考实际换电市场的相关数据对博弈均衡进行数值仿真,分析政府补贴对换电模式的提升效果。研究表明:(1)政府对换电站进行合理补贴能够有效地提升换电站数量、增加社会福利、减少车站比;(2)政府的财政预算会影响补贴政策对换电模式的推广效果,换电站补贴比例存在理想值和可取值;(3)换电站建设补贴会降低制造商的行业门槛,增加运营商的行业门槛;(4)电池配比对运营商利润的影响程度大于补贴,目前换电站的电池配比处于较低水平。

At present,the Battery Swapping Model(BSM)of the New Energy Vehicle was either still in the infancy stage.The Battery Swap Stations(BSSs)were full of the problems such as insufficient quantity,uneven distribution,and high construction costs,which limited the development of the BSM.The decision-making game model involving the government,the vehicle manufacturer,and the operator was constructed to explore the effect of the subsidy policies on its promotion under consideration of subsidies for the BSSs’construction.The key decision variables such as optimal pricing,appropriate subsidy ratio,and optimal Battery Matching Ratio(BMR)before and after the subsidy were solved,and the game equilibrium was numerically simulated with reference of the actual market data to analyze the enhancement effect of government subsidy from multiple perspectives.Research shows that:The reasonable government subsidies could effectively enhance the number of BSSs,increase social welfare and reduce Vehicle-Station ratios;The government s fiscal budget will affect the effectiveness of the subsidy policy in promoting the BSM,and there existed an optimal ratio and adoptable ratio of subsidies;The subsidies will lower the industry threshold for manufacturers and increase that for operators;The BMR had a greater degree of influence on operators profits than subsidies,and the current BMR were at a lower level.