论违法犯罪人员从业限制的定性与制度重构

On the Nature and System Reconstruction of Employment Restriction of Criminals

《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》第六十二条确立了违法犯罪人员从业限制制度,具有性侵害、虐待、拐卖、暴力伤害等违法犯罪记录的人员不得从事密切接触未成年人的行业。违法犯罪人员从业限制主要有性侵害未成年人犯罪人员信息分级公开模式、性侵害未成年人犯罪人员从业限制模式、性侵害违法犯罪人员从业限制模式和违法犯罪人员从业查询模式等四种模式。在理论层面,该制度存在性质定位模糊、正当性基础薄弱、有违一事不二罚的原理等问题;在实践层面,该制度存在适用主体扩张、适用范围拓宽至行政违法、处罚一律升档至终身禁止、工具主义钳制立法等趋势。为了解决法法衔接问题和防止刑罚泛化,应当将违法犯罪人员从业限制的法律性质认定为准刑罚类措施,在此基础上,对违法犯罪人员从业限制制度予以重新架构。

Article 62 of the law of the People’s Republic of China on the protection of minors establishes the employment restriction system for offenders.Persons with records of sexual assault,abuse,trafficking,violent injury and other violations and crimes shall not engage in industries in close contact with minors.There are mainly four modes of employment restriction for offenders:the hierarchical disclosure mode of information of sexual assault juvenile offenders,the employment restriction mode of sexual assault juvenile offenders,the employment restriction mode of sexual assault offenders and the employment query mode of offenders.At the theoretical level,there are some problems in the system,such as fuzzy nature orientation,weak legitimacy foundation,and the principle of no two penalties for violation of one thing;In practice,there are some problems in the system,such as the expansion of the applicable subject,the expansion of the scope of application to administrative violations,the upgrading of punishment to lifelong prohibition,instrumentalist clamp down legislation and so on.In order to solve the problem of convergence between law and law and prevent the crisis of penalty generalization,the legal nature of employment restriction of offenders should be identified as quasi penalty measures(or quasi penalty measures).On this basis,the employment restriction system for offenders is restructured.