加藤周一的三元比较诗学

The Tripartite Comparative Poetics of Shūichi Katō

日本学者在比较研究上往往以“三元比较”而展开,主要是在日本、中国、西方之间进行比较。加藤周一是这种比较方法的佼佼者。综观20世纪,二元研究方法是比较文学/诗学的常用方法,但它具有笼统性、静态性和对立性,三元比较有可能走出二元研究的困境。加藤周一的比较诗学有两个意图,一是确立日本特色,二是探寻普遍标准。前期加藤周一认为日本特色是“杂种文化”,后期加藤周一认为日本特色是“现在=此处”文化,后者是对前者的具体化、深入化和学理化。在时间和空间问题上,加藤周一都实施了三元比较方法。“确立日本特色”之后,还要“超越日本特色”。因为文化特色往往就是作为过去时和完成体的传统文化的特色。加藤周一的比较诗学却要走出传统,走向现代。进入20世纪之后,世界一体化,传统文化的特殊性与现代文化的普遍性存在冲突。文学和艺术的普遍标准何以可能?比较诗学不能预设普遍人性论,必须经验性地探寻普遍标准。现代和国际是外部条件,语言(的普遍有效性)是内部条件。现代、国际、语言三者缺一不可。世界一体化裹挟着“艺术只有一个”的思维观念。既然如此,艺术普遍标准的存在便是理所应当的了。

Usually,Japanese scholars conduct their comparative studies,with“a tripartite approach”,between Japan,China,and the West.Shūichi Katōis an outstanding representative in this practice.Throughout the twentieth century,the binary approach was pretty common in comparative literature/poetics,but it often came with some general,static,and opposing tendencies.However,the tripartite approach might be able to break out of the dilemma of the binary approach.Shūichi Katō’s comparative poetics has two intentions:one is to establish Japanese characteristics;the other is to explore universal standards.At first,Shūichi Katōregarded the Japanese characteristics as a“mixed culture”;later he defined them as the concept of“present=here”culture.The latter is an attempt at making the former more concrete,in-depth,and academic.Shūichi Katōadopted the“tripartite approach”in dealing with the issues of time and space.After“establishing Japanese identity,”it is necessary to“go beyond Japanese identity”for cultural identity is often the identity of traditional culture in past tense and completion.Shūichi Katō’s comparative poetics,however,goes beyond tradition toward modernity.The globalization in the twentieth century has brought about a conflict between the specificity of traditional culture and the universality of modern culture.How could a universal standard of literature and art be possible?Comparative poetics cannot presuppose a theory of universal humanity,but it must explore,empirically,universal standards.Modernity and internationalization are external conditions,language(its universal effectiveness)is the internal one.Modernity,inter-nationality and language are all indispensable.If the notion of globalization includes the idea that“there is only one kind of art,”then,the existence of a universal standard for art is definitely justified.