中国法人属人法之制度完善--以美国公司冲突法为评判对象

Improving China’s Lex Societatis System:A Comparative Study on the US Conflict of Corporate Laws

法人属人法在我国涉外审判实践中存在着集体无意识地扩大适用“登记地”的倾向,导致“主营业地”条款虚置,难以有效规制外国法人人格滥用现象,进而无法充分保护利益相关者和公共利益。产生这一问题的理论原因在于成立地理论的研究缺失,实践原因在于对成立地理论的绝对化理解,立法技术原因在于未对“主营业地”立法目的予以明晰,连结点界定付之阙如,适用条件模糊不清,尚未建立有效的“安全阀”规则体系。成立地理论是英美冲突法的早期理论贡献,经历百余年的发展,其内核逐渐摆脱地域性,增加了促进自由竞争的现代化内涵。我国应建立以“登记地”为原则、以“主营业地”为例外、以强制性规则为“安全阀”、专项规制虚假外国公司的法人属人法规则体系。

The practice of the Lex Societatis in foreign-related trials in China tends to unconsciously extend the application of the“place of registration”,which leads to the nominal provision of the“principal place of business”,and thus makes it difficult to effectively regulate the abuse of the foreign corporate personality or to sufficiently protect shareholders and public interests.The theoretical reason for this problem lies in insufficient studies on the incorporation theory.The practical reason is due to the excessive application of the incorporation theory.The legislatively technical cause is from the ambiguous legislative purpose for the“principal place of business”,the nominal criteria for determining connecting factors,the vague applicable conditions,and the lack of establishing effectively an secured regulation system.The incorporation theory is the early theoretical contribution to the conflict of law in the common law system.After more than a hundred years of development,its core theory is gradually unconstrained to territoriality and adds contemporary context of promoting free competition.China should establish the regulation system of the Lex Societatis on the basis of the“place of registration”,with the“principal place of business”as the exception,using mandatory rules as the“safety valve”,and specifically regulating on pseudo foreign companies.