日本相互保险规范逻辑架构对我国的启示

Implication of the Logical Construction of Japan’s Mutual Insurance Regulation System

相互保险组织是各国普遍存在的一种保险业运营主体,其性质多为非营利组织,但各国在样态以及监管要求上适用的规则大有不同。我国在2015年以来陆续审批设立了几家相互保险社,又于2022年批准筹建渔业互助保险社,非营利保险的发展丰富了保险业态,而仅以营利保险为调整对象的《保险法》显然已无法满足制度供给的需求。本文试图通过对日本相互保险规范架构的展示,梳理非营利保险从商法典到保险法,以及由专业性行政规范调整的制度层级安排。从公保险和私保险的基础分类,到营利保险和非营利保险的性质界定,再到非营利保险如何准用保险法、商法总则、公司法的相关制度,以及非营利保险向营利保险的转化,均为未来我国立法可借鉴之处。也必将有助于专业化互助保险社的设立、网络互助平台监管规则的确立、和多类型互助保险组织的承认。

As an important part of the insurance market,mutual insurance is a kind of nonprofit organization existing for hundreds years in the world,though different countries operate in various ways by using different rules and terms.Our government approved to establish several mutual insurance cooperatives since 2015.In the beginning of this year,China Banking and Insurance Regulation Commission approved a new fishery mutual insurance cooperative.Current insurance law of China does not apply to on-profit insurance,insurance cooperative or mutual assistant platform,etc.The diversity of our insurance market player calls for new regulations.This article intends to focus on legal analyses of the nature of mutual insurance,and the discussion on discuss how the commercial law system works on mutual insurance.There is some lack of regulation not only for mutual insurance,but also nonprofit organization like social enterprise.It is expected to provide legislative and regulatory ideas for China to systematically classify private insurance and public insurance,to standardize nonprofit insurance,and to build new social enterprises.