从亚太到“印太”:美国地区安全战略的变迁与回归

From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific:The Evolution and Return of U.S.Regional Security Strategy

拜登政府对“印太”地区的重视程度远超冷战结束后的任何一届美国政府,美国为充实印太战略采取了诸多政策行动:增加在本地区的军事存在和战略资产,强化和固化原有的“轴辐体系”,拓展或创设新型多边合作架构,提出诸如重建更美好的世界、全球基础设施和投资伙伴关系、印太经济框架等全球性或地区性新型倡议,将美国与各国的合作拓展到政治、经济、技术和安全诸多领域,致力于建构排斥中国的制度安排。至此,美国的亚太安全战略完全转型为印太战略,其政策目标愈益明晰,政策手段丰富多元,美国与盟友的关系从等级制转向扁平化,该战略覆盖的地理范围拓展到本地区每一个角落。经过冷战结束后三十年的经济全球化洗礼、大国之间的协调与合作、地区一体化的种种尝试,亚太地区正面临再次成为地缘政治竞技场的风险,美国针对的国家从冷战时期的苏联转向如今的中国。美国的印太战略或者对华战略能否奏效,并不单纯取决于美国的战略规划,还将受到其他因素的深刻影响。

The Biden administration attached far more importance to the Indo-Pacific region than any other U.S.administration since the end of the Cold War.Many policy measures and initiatives have been adopted and implemented in this regard,including but not limited to the following moves:The United States has increased its military presence and deployment of strategic assets;the hub-and-spokes alliance system has been further reinforced;new multilateral cooperation mechanisms such as AUKUS and QUAD have been established;new initiatives such as Build Back Better World,Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment,Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity,and Partners in the Blue Pacific have been launched with countries within and beyond this region;U.S.cooperation with other countries has been deepened and expanded to all fields including politics,economics,technology,and security,aiming to build a network excluding China’s participation and reducing China’s influence.Starting from the Biden administration,the U.S.Asia-Pacific strategy has completely transformed into the Indo-Pacific strategy featuring a complete geographical coverage of the region,clearer policy objectives and more diversified policy instruments,with the relationship between the United States and its allies shifting from a vertical,hierarchical one to a more flattened one.The Biden administration’s Indo-Pacific strategy will significantly affect the direction of American domestic and foreign policies,the political and economic development of countries in the Asia-Pacific region,and the strategic competition between China and the United States.After three decades of economic globalization,coordination and cooperation among major powers on regional and global issues,as well as various attempts to promote regional integration,the Asia-Pacific region is facing the risk of transforming from a region of economic cooperation to the geopolitical arena for major powers’strategic competition.This paper intends to examine the components and influencing factors in the U.S.Asia-Pacific security strategy over a long historical period,analyze its adjustments and changes in different time periods,and explore the actions and reactions between the U.S.Asia-Pacific security strategy and Sino-U.S.relations.