从“崇儒”到“重道”——清初朝廷对民间理学的认同及歧异

From “Worshiping Confucianism” to “Emphasizing the Dao”:The Early Qing Court’s Acceptation and Differentiation of Non-governmental Neo-Confucianism

明清鼎革之后,民间学者在学术反思中逐渐由王学转重程、朱。清初一些官员在从学、交游中汲取了民间理学,并传衍于清廷内外;魏裔介、熊赐履等人在奏疏、经筵和日讲中引导了康熙帝的儒学走向,使之独尊程、朱,彰明道统,清廷文治遂由泛泛“崇儒”转向明确“重道”;清初理学人物大体都讲求躬行实践和“居敬穷理”,但康熙帝对其诠释仍侧重于“治道”,并凸显了道学的“忠诚”内涵。故清廷的崇儒重道本质上仍是文治策略而非学术信仰,且康熙中期以后治统完全兼并了道统。清廷在转向“重道”及治道合统的过程中体现了对民间学术的认同及二者道统观的歧异。

After the Ming-Qing dynastic transition, some unofficial scholars switched their academic camp from the Yangming school to Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism.This paper argues that some officials in the early Qing Dynasty absorbed the quintessence of non-governmental Neo-Confucian learning through their scholarly or social contacts, and then introduced it inside and outside the court and official circles.Through memorial communication and classic lectures to the Emperor Kangxi, Wei Yijie, Xiong Cilv and other officials guided the Emperor Kangxi’s favor for the Confucian learning to the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, and made it Confucian orthodoxy.Consequently, the court’s cultural cultivation shifted from the ritual performance like Confucian worshiping ceremony to a more practical emphasis on the Dao.The Neo-Confucian scholars in the early Qing Dynasty generally strived for practice as well as “stayed humble and reverence”,and probed into Neo-Confucian principle.However, the Emperor Kangxi’s interpretation emphasized more on its “statecraft” and “loyalty”.Hence, the court’s Confucianism and its orthodoxy were only a matter of cultural policy, but not a scholarly faith.Moreover, the contemporary interpretation of the Confucian orthodoxy was completely dominated by the imperial court in the post mid-Kangxi period.As the court turned its emphasis of Confucian learning to the Dao,which was merged with the statecraft, this reflected the process of the court’s acceptation and differentiation of unofficial scholars’ perceptions.