山河破碎之时的魏玛古典文学--文学与政治之辩证视域下的1949年歌德诞辰纪念活动

The Literature of Weimar Classicism in the Debris of the Nation:On the Commemorations of Goethe’s Birth in 1949 from the Perspective of the Dialectic between Literature and Politics

1949年在战后德国各地举行的歌德二百周年诞辰纪念活动,揭示了“零点时刻”文学与政治的复杂关系:魏玛古典文学被视为政治革新的文化基础,但仅从当下视角解读文学传统存在忽视历史反思的隐忧。在东西德,歌德的形象被赋予了不同的内涵:迈耶、卢卡契、贝歇强调歌德对社会实践的指导作用,雅思贝尔斯和阿勒文指出了纪念歌德的历史合法性问题,而托马斯 ·曼则将歌德视为德国统一的象征。尽管纪念活动中对歌德的不同阐释均体现了以文化代政治的德国思维,但魏玛古典文学本身所蕴含的人道主义却具有超越时间的典范性,而这正是文学在战后德国政治重建中的真正价值。

The bicentennial commemoration of Goethe’s birth in post-war Germany in 1949 revealed the complex relationship between literature and politics at the“zero hour”:the literature of Weimar Classicism was treated as the cultural foundation for political revival,but a merely contemporary interpretation of the literary tradition bears the potential risk of neglecting historical reflection.Goethe’s images in East and West Germany were given different contexts and understandings.Mayer,Lukács and Becher emphasized Goethe’s role as guidance for social practice,whereas Jaspers and Alewyn questioned the historical legitimacy of such commemorations.But for Thomas Mann,Goethe was a synthesis that symbolizes the unification of Germany.As different as their conceptions may be,they all demonstrate the German thinking of substituting politics by culture.However,the literature of Weimar Classicism itself contains the very idea of humanitarianism,which transcends time and thus embodies the true value of literature in the political reconstruction of post-war Germany.