烟台话单字调的格局与变异

The Pattern and Variation of Mono-Syllable Tone in Yantai Dialect

汉语各方言具有不同的“声调格局”,尽管每条声调曲线略有不同,但同类声调都具有一段相似的稳定段,不同方言的“声调稳定段”分布是有差异的。从实验数据来看,按照五度值记调法,烟台方言的三个单字调分别为平声 53、上声 212 和去声 33。在实验中,19 位烟台发音人语音材料的声学实验与统计分析体现了烟台方言的单字调格局与共时变异的特性:去声的变异显著大于上声与平声,即平声变异起点小,尾点大;上声变异拐点小,两端大;去声调型段变异均匀。从老年发音人和青年发音人声调基频曲线和基频标准差的比较以及统计分析来看,年龄组之间声调调型及调阶具有系统差别,而组内变异并没有差别,组间变异大于组内变异。青年组与老年组声调系统之间的细微差别与烟台方言声调系统演化方向一致。方言接触和感知度区分等因素造成了烟台方言声调系统的自然演化。

Chinese dialects have different tone patterns.Although each tone curve is slightly different, the same kind of tone has a similar stabilization segment. The distribution of tone stability segments differs among dialects. From the experimental data, according to five-degree notation, there are three tones in Yantai dialect, namely level tone (Ping Sheng) 53, falling-rising tone (Shang Sheng) 212 and falling tone (Qu Sheng) 33. The acoustic experiments and statistical analysis of the phonetic materials of 19 Yantai speakers showed the single-word tonal pattern and the synchronic variation of the Yantai dialect. It is indicated that the variation of falling tone is significantly greater than that of level tone and falling-rising tone. The variation of level tone is small at the start-phase and large at the end phase. The variation at the inflection point of falling-rising tone is small, while large at the start- and end-phase. The variation of falling tone is uniform. From the comparison and statistical analysis of pitch curve and standard deviation between the old and young groups, it is found that, among different age groups, there are systematic differences in tone pattern and register, but there is no difference in intragroup variation, and the intergroup variation is greater than intragroup variation. The subtle differences between the young group and the old group are consistent with the evolutionary direction of the tone system of Yantai dialect. Factors such as dialect contact and auditory distinctness have contributed to the natural evolution of the Yantai dialect tone system.