先秦“周书”名实考

A Textual Research into the Name and Nature of Zhou Shu in the Pre-Qin Period

先秦时期,“周书”屡见称引,此名不能视为对某部著作的专称,不能将其等同于《尚书·周书》或《汉书·艺文志》著录的七十一篇《周书》。从《左传》《国语》等所载春秋贵族引用,到战国诸子书引用,都可以说是指称一类文献,一般来说指的是周王朝官方训诰誓命等。但在墨子等引用者那里,周诗也被包括进来,因为诗、书皆脱离了贵族官学原有的礼乐情境,官学中学习方式、实践场合的差异不复存在,仅被作为记录前人事、言的文本学习、使用,而文本形式又不足以将两者严格地区分开来。战国晚期,见于《逸周书》中一些篇章的语句较多地被在“周书”名义下称引,应可说明这些文献在受到关注。从公元前四世纪中段到前三世纪中段的这一期间,相当部分在此之前尚未流传于世的一些王室档案文书,因为周的分裂、动乱和最终破灭,流出并得到邻近地区士人的首先关注,在秦国以及后来的秦朝被整理编次,很可能就是《汉志》著录七十一篇《周书》的原型。

In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Zhou was frequently cited. This name can’t be regarded as an exclusive title for a specific book and also The Book of Zhou in The Book of History or 71 chapters Book of Zhou in the Records of Art and Literature of The Book of Han. From the use cases in Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu to those in Hundred Schools of Thought, the name Zhou Shu was used to refer to a kind of literature, which was generally the official document of the Zhou Dynasty. But the poems of Zhou Dynasty were also included in the works of Mencius’ citation. Because books and poems broke away from the original aristocratic official rites and music situation. The differences in learning styles and practice occasions in official schools didn’t exist any longer. Both were only used as texts of recording ancients’ deeds and speeches for study and using, but textual form was not enough to distinguish them clearly. During the later Warring States Period, the sentences in chapters of The Book of Yi Zhou were often cited under the name of “Zhou Shu”, which showed received attention of these literatures. From the middle term of the fourth century B. C. to that of the third century B. C., due to the disunity, turmoil and final collapse of Zhou Dynasty, many royal archives and documents that hadn’t spread in the society before, disseminated and received the attention of scholars at first in neighboring areas. These archival documents were compiled in Qin Kingdom and later Qin Empire and they were probably the prototype of the 71 chapters Book of Zhou, which recorded in Book of Han.