聚酰亚胺气凝胶及其复合材料的研究进展

Research progress on polyimide aerogels and their composites

高分子气凝胶是指聚合物分子链之间通过共价键、氢键或范德华力相结合而形成的具有多孔网络结构的有机化合物。作为一种新兴高分子气凝胶材料,聚酰亚胺(PI)气凝胶兼具了气凝胶的高比表面积、高孔隙率与低热导率以及聚酰亚胺的高机械强度、良好热稳定性等特性,是一种综合性能优异的轻质结构材料。同时,聚酰亚胺气凝胶还具有种类繁多、结构设计性强等优点。目前,聚酰亚胺气凝胶及其复合材料已在保温隔热、油水分离、压力传感、电磁防护等诸多领域上展现出丰富的应用前景。本文对聚酰亚胺气凝胶及其复合材料的制备、性能及功能应用的现状进行了系统的论述,并总结展望了聚酰亚胺气凝胶未来的发展前景和潜在挑战。

Polymer aerogels are organic compounds with porous network structure formed by the combination of covalent bonds,hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces between polymer molecular chains.As a novel polymer aerogel material,polyimide aerogel,which combines the characteristics of large specific surface area,high porosity and low thermal conductivity of aerogel,as well as high mechanical strength and good thermal stability of polyimide,is a lightweight structural material with excellent comprehensive properties.Meanwhile,polyimide aerogels also have many advantages,such as abundant varieties and strong structure-design ability.At present,polyimide aerogels and their composites have been widely applied in many fields,such as thermal insulation,oil-water separation,press sensors,and electromagnetic protection.In this paper,the preparation,properties and functional applications of polyimide aerogels and their composites are systematically discussed.The future development and potential challenges of polyimide aerogels are summarized and prospected.