“帮折”与“随工带造”:明万历朝大木用材紧缺下的策略与博弈

Assembled Beams and“Free-Riding”Projects:Solutions to the Shortage of Lumbers in Ming’s Wanli Era

万历二十四、二十五年,两宫三殿先后被灾。终万历一朝,三殿未能重建,但一些营缮策略却因项目运作而得到实践。本文意在观察当时在各种严苛的主客观条件限制下,官方采木工役与实际建材需求之间存在的脱节、工部所提出的大型建筑木结构“帮折”方案、明神宗所采取的“随工带造”策略,以及其背后闪现的某种建筑工业逻辑。

In 1596 and 1597,the two principal palaces and the three great Halls of the Forbidden City,were successively destroyed by fire and needed to be restored.Logging activities had never filled the project’s material requirement until the end of Wanli era.However,facing shortage of woods,some special strategies,like assembly of timber members and material sharing among different projects,were executed.This episode gives us therefore an opportunity to observe all these planning and managements as well as an architectural industry logic that underlies.