清代的晴雨录奏报及资料的可靠性评估

“Qingyulu”Reports in the Qing Dynasty and an Evaluation of Their Reliability

“晴雨录”奏报是清代雨泽奏报制度的重要形式,早在康熙六年就已经出现,但仅限于京师地区。康熙二十四年在各行省推广“晴雨录”奏报以失败告终,只有北京“晴雨录”奏报一直坚持到清末。根据奏报主体的身份,现存“晴雨录”档案可以分钦天监《晴雨录》、织造《晴雨录》、太监《晴雨录》和巡抚《晴雨录》,前三者在记录内容、格式、奏报时间等方面均存在差异。清代“晴雨录”档案在历史气候重建方面具有重要价值,通过利用异源资料(日记资料、“雨雪分寸”档案)的比勘发现,三种类型的《晴雨录》与其他资料的相似度均高于85%,具有较高的可信度。

The“Qingyulu”(晴雨录,Weather Reports,lit.‘Records of Clear Skies and Rain’)were an important form of the yuze(雨泽,the precipitation)imperial reporting system in the Qing dynasty.In 1685,the promotion of the Qingyulu system of reporting in all provinces was not a success,and only those for Beijing continued until the end of the Qing dynasty.According to archival materials,the existing Qingyulu can be mainly divided into three types,namely those by the Astronomical Bureau,the Bureau of Imperial Silks,the Bureau of Eunuchs and Provincial Bureau.They all differ in record content,format,report time and so on.The Qingyulu reports have important value in historical climate reconstruction.Comparison with data from other sources,such as those from diaries,etc,indicates matches of higher than 85%,giving them a high rate of credibility.