妨害安全驾驶罪中“危及公共安全”的法教义学分析

Legal Doctrinal Analysis of“Endangering Public Security”in the Crime of Obstructing Safe Driving

针对近年来在公共交通工具上频发的司乘冲突以及刑法罪名供应不足的现状,《刑法修正案(十一)》新增了妨害安全驾驶罪,以期通过轻罪的增设来实现刑法的社会治理。自从《刑法修正案(十一)》生效以来,司法实践中对该罪的认定时常存在不合理地扩大该罪处罚范围的问题。根据该罪的构成要件表述,其属于具体危险犯,应当对“危及公共安全”在个案的司法判断中进行具体分析。对妨害安全驾驶罪中的“危及公共安全”予以法教义学层面的分析有利于合理限缩该罪的处罚范围,并间接地会对其他危险犯的司法认定产生一定现实意义。“危及”与“公共安全”具有相应的含义和特征,为了适当限缩刑事处罚范围,应围绕“危及公共安全”予以法教义学层面的分析,并适当地予以类型化。妨害行为对公共安全的危及应当具有现实的紧迫性。“公共安全”宜采用“不特定且多数人说”,公共安全的对象不包括纯粹的财产利益。该罪中“危及公共安全”的类型应当结合车速、路况、暴力程度、责任分配以及行为性质等尽量予以具体化,妨害行为是否危及公共安全应当在一般理论分析的基础上坚持具体个案具体分析。

In view of the frequent conflicts between drivers and passengers on public transport in recent years and the shortage of criminal charges,the Criminal Law Amendment(11)adds the crime of impairing safe driving in order to achieve the social governance of criminal law through the addition of misdemeanors.Since the“Criminal Law Amendment(11)”came into effect,the identification of this crime has often expanded the punishment scope of this crime unreasonably in judicial practice.According to the constitutive elements of the crime,it belongs to a specific dangerous crime,which should be made a concrete analysis of“endangering public security”in the judicial judgment of individual cases.The analysis of“endangering public security”in the crime of impelling safe driving is conducive to rationally limiting the scope of punishment of the crime,and will indirectly have a certain practical significance for the judicial determination of other dangerous crimes.“Endangering”and“public security”have corresponding meanings and characteristics.In order to properly limit the scope of punishment,we should analyze“endangering public security”from legal doctrinal level and properly make classific actions.The threat of nuisance to public security should have realistic urgency.“Public security”should be adopted as“not specific and most people say”,and the object of public security does not include pure property interests.The type of“endangering public security”in this crime should be specified as far as possible in combination with speed,road condition,degree of violence,distribution of responsibility and nature of behavior,etc.Whether the nuisance behavior endangers public security should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis based on general theoretical analysis.