扬州泰州国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟击防控

Avian diversity and bird strike avoidance at Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport

鸟类群落多样性研究对机场鸟击防控有重要意义。国内机场现今均采用物种丰富度和均匀度等传统物种多样性指标来评价机场周边地区的鸟类群落,该方法缺乏物种的生态系统功能和系统发育相关信息。为阐明机场鸟类群落多样性特点,本文以扬州泰州国际机场为研究区域,进行为期一年的调查,从物种多样性、功能多样性、谱系多样性三个层次来研究。本研究共记录鸟类71种,隶属13目33科,雀形目鸟类物种数最多,其次为鸻形目。从居留型看,候鸟较多;从区系上看,广布种鸟类最多,古北界和东洋界鸟类都较少。春季的FRic高于其他季节,春、夏季的FEve和FDis高于秋冬季。FDiv在季节间无显著性差异,群落物种的离散程度差异较小,季节变化对FRic、FEve、FDis具有显著影响。各生境的FRic、FEve、FDiv无显著差异,FDis在湿地与草坪间存在显著性差异。栖息地类型的交错分布支持多种功能性状的鸟类,使得各生境的鸟类功能分布无显著差异。谱系多样性分析发现,鸟类群落呈现谱系发散趋势。结合鸟类多样性指数、分布系数及重要值,严重危险鸟类有6种,包括斑嘴鸭(Anaszonorhyncha)、珠颈斑鸠(Spilopeliachinensis)、夜鹭(Nycticoraxnycticorax)、喜鹊(Picapica)、家燕(Hirundorustica)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)。结合季节和生境的群落多样性特征,机场需针对性地开展机场生态环境治理,以应对危险鸟类在机场区域的活动。

Investigating the diversity of bird community surrounding the airport plays an important role in bird strike avoidance. Traditional taxonomic diversity is used in Chinese airports to evaluate bird communities, however, this cannot provide information on the ecosystem functions and phylogeny of the species. In order to investigate the diversity of bird communities, we conducted a one-year survey at Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport and studied it from three aspects:taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity. A total of 71 species were recorded, belonging to 13 orders and 33 families.Most of the birds were widely-distributed species, and migrant birds accounted for a relatively high proportion in the community. FRic in spring was higher than in other seasons, and FEve and FDis in spring and summer were higher than in autumn and winter. There was no significant difference in FDiv in each season. The variation of FRic, FEve and FDis was influenced by seasonal species and the number of species. There were no significant differences in FRic, FEve, and FDiv in each habitat, only the FDis of wetland and grassland were significantly different. The intersperse distribution of multiple habitats supported birds with multiple functional traits, so that the functional distribution of birds in each habitat had no significant difference. Phylogenetic diversity analysis revealed that the bird community in the airport showed a trend of overdispersion. Furthermore, the bird strike risk index for each bird species was calculated by multiplying the importance value and risk index. Severe risk birds included Anas zonorhyncha, Spilopelia chinensis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Pica pica,Hirundo rustica, Acridotheres cristatellus. Combining the community diversity characteristics of different seasons and habitats, the airport needs to carry out targeted environmental management to deal with the activities of dangerous birds in the airport area.